Elektro Circuit Diagram

Electrical Schematic Diagrams

2011-04-23T17:51:00.000-07:00

Electrical Schematic Diagrams

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LiteSpeed Load Balancer

2010-11-06T07:25:00.001-07:00

LiteSpeed Load Balancer (LSLB) is a high-performance, content-aware, session-aware HTTP application load balancer. It can forward requests based on request content as well as session stickiness preference. LiteSpeed Load Balancer can help scale your application beyond one server deployment, as well as improve the reliability of your service in case of hardware failures.

We offer 15-day risk free trials and a 30-day money back guarantee.

Features

HTTP/1.1, HTTP/1.0 backward compatible

Supports HTTP, LiteSpeed SAPI, FastCGI and AJPv13 back ends

Load balance algorithms: round-robin, least load, least session

Session affinity with fail-over

Directing request based on domain names, request URL, Cookie, SSL Session, etc.

Content aware: route request based on request content

Dynamic response compression/decompression (gzip)

Gzip compression with backend HTTP Server

Automatic HTTP protocol upgrade/downgrade to maintain persistent connection with backend servers

Massive shared hosting: load balance to millions of websites

URL rewrite

SSL acceleration

Geotargeting support

IPv6 support

Anti-(D)DoS attacks capability

Request filtering (HTTP firewall), filter attacking requests based on request content

Chroot for enhanced security

Backend server health monitoring

Web administration console

Online upgrade to keep your server up-to-date

Security

LiteSpeed load balancer is designed to be a secure load balancer. With chroot jail, IP level bandwidth throttling, connection accounting, strict HTTP request checking, and URL context filtering, DoS effects are minimized and backend cluster is properly fenced away from the HTTP request layer reducing vulnerability.

High performance Secure HTTP (HTTPS): supports SSLv2, SSLv3 and TLSv1

IP level throttling (Bandwidth and Request Rate)

Comprehensive IP level connection accounting

Hotlink protection

Strict HTTP request checking

External application firewall for dynamic content

Chroot whole server process

Reliability

Zero downtime maintanance (include reconfiguration, software upgrade)

Watch dog and Instant recovery maximizes up-time

Graceful shutdown, all requests in process will be completed.

Runs completely in the user space, OS reliability is not affected

The following section provides a brief overview of the above security features. Access Control: Server, virtual host and directory (context) level access control which can allow or block traffic from specific IP/sub-networks. IP Level Throttling Limits network bandwidth to and from a single IP address regardless of the number of connections. IP Level Connection Accounting Limits the number of concurrent connections from a single IP address. It is controlled by the Connection Soft Limit, Connection Hard Limit, Grace Period, and Banned Period values. Strict Request Checking Every HTTP request is strictly checked by LiteSpeed load balancer:

Request size is limited by the Max Request URL Length, Max Request Header Length, and Max Request Body Length values. Strict Static File Checking LiteSpeed web server will serve a static file only if the following conditions are satisfied:

"/.ht*" and "/.svn*" are not allowed in a decoded URL, this will deny accessing some important hidden files and directories.

the file permission must contain configured required permission bits.

the file permission must not contain any configured restricted permission bits.

The file is not in the Access Denied Directory list

does not contain symbolic links if symbolic linking is not allowed.

LiteSpeed load balancer does not index a directory by listing its files.

LiteSpeed load balancer can pipeline requests and control the concurrency level of external applications to prevent over consumption of system resources. It only forwards completed requests to external applications and caches the response. Thus external applications will be immediately available to process the next request without waiting for the response to be completely received by the client. In this way, the server can utilize fewer instances of external applications to serve more concurrent requests and will achieve higher performance and scalability. LiteSpeed load balancer uses its own virtual memory to cache the request and response body to minimize the usage of system memory without sacrificing performance.

Chroot Jail

LiteSpeed load balancer can run in a chroot environment also known as a chroot jail with an automatic initial chroot environment setup. In a chrooted environment, the load balancer and its children processes cannot access the file system outside of the chroot jail. This protects the system from attacks caused by malicious code.

3D INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

2010-11-06T06:26:00.002-07:00

GLOBAL Semiconductor Alliance says it will increase awareness and visibility worldwide for its 3D integrated circuit initiative.

The GSA has retained semiconductor industry veteran, Herb Reiter to lead the 3D IC initiative. It has also formed relationships with IMEC, ITRI, SEMI, SEMATECH and Si2 to help direct and participate in this effort.

The GSA says it has presented papers and gained awareness for 3D IC at multiple global events, such as DATE 2010 in Dresden, DAC, SemiCon West and the GSA Emerging Opportunities Expo and Conference.

According to the Alliance, the 3D IC initiative will be a major feature of its second annual Memory Conference on 31 March 2011 in San Jose. The theme for the 2011 conference will be “Memory and Logic Integration and the Benefits of 3D IC Technology”.

The Alliance claims 3D IC is a way forward in the face of the challenges of rapidly increasing power dissipation of ICs and systems.

The wireless industry is also pushing for 3D IC stacks to meet the power and space constraints in Mobile Internet Devices, and the technology is expected to help meet next generation bandwidth and performance requirements.

History of the Integrated Circuit aka Microchip

2010-11-06T06:26:00.000-07:00

D you know Integrated Circuit . What we didn't realize then was that the integrated circuit would reduce the cost of electronic functions by a factor of a million to one, nothing had ever done that for anything before" - Jack Kilby

The Integrated Circuit

It seems that the integrated circuit was destined to be invented. Two separate inventors, unaware of each other's activities, invented almost identical integrated circuits or ICs at nearly the same time.Patents for the Integrated Circuit

In 1959 both parties applied for patents. Jack Kilby and Texas Instruments received U.S. patent #3,138,743 for miniaturized electronic circuits. Robert Noyce and the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation received U.S. patent #2,981,877 for a silicon based integrated circuit. The two companies wisely decided to cross license their technologies after several years of legal battles, creating a global market now worth about $1 trillion a year.

Commercial Release

In 1961 the first commercially available integrated circuits came from the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. All computers then started to be made using chips instead of the individual transistors and their accompanying parts. Texas Instruments first used the chips in Air Force computers and the Minuteman Missile in 1962. They later used the chips to produce the first electronic portable calculators. The original IC had only one transistor, three resistors and one capacitor and was the size of an adult's pinkie finger. Today an IC smaller than a penny can hold 125 million transistors.

Jack Kilby holds patents on over sixty inventions and is also well known as the inventor of the portable calculator (1967). In 1970 he was awarded the National Medal of Science. Robert Noyce, with sixteen patents to his name, founded Intel, the company responsible for the invention of the microprocessor, in 1968. But for both men the invention of the integrated circuit stands historically as one of the most important innovations of mankind. Almost all modern products use chip technology.

digital clock / calendar / thermometer

2010-09-05T05:39:00.001-07:00

Here is a finely made digital clock with calendar and thermometer.

It is based on Microchip PIC16F628 (or PIC16F84) microcontroller and DS18S20 or DS18B20 temperature sensor from Maxim-IC. The hardware is pretty easy because it contains only a PIC microcontroller, DS18S20/DS18B20 sensor, 4x7 segment LED display with common anode, four 2N3906 transistors and several resistors.

The project site can also be found and the project: a digital thermostat.

How Pov Sat Through Pictures

2010-09-05T04:45:00.000-07:00

here we can see some pictures of the new project of our member forums [Kiza].

This is a POV clock-in, maybe even the best so far. The program for microcontroller is written in Bascom-AVR and has only 3000 lines of code.

"The list of parts: ATmega324P @ 20MHz, 64KB Ramtron FRAM, FM1608, 5 x TLC5916 shift registers, 40 x Cyan PLCC-4 Ledić, A1101 Hall IC, TSOP6238 IR receiver and MIC5209-5.0 LDO V-Reg.

Connect The Thermal Printer to Microcontroller

2010-09-05T04:39:00.000-07:00

This is how to actually only the head of thermal printer and the printer does not complete. Management of the whole printer would be much easier, just send a couple of AT commands and it starts to print the desired information. In this case, the author had to make a "font" in the firmware, to control two servo motors and warming elements on the print head.

Connect The Thermal Printer to Microcontroller

Microcontroller that is used with the Atmel AVR Arduino bootloader-om. Warming elements are controlled with a ULN2801A Darlington transistors that are again controlled by SN74164 shift register to preserve a lot of IO pins. See the video printer in action.

TURN SIGNAL SWITCHER

2010-09-02T15:17:00.000-07:00

TURN SIGNAL SWITCHER

This is quite simple but may at first be confusing for MGA owners and mechanics. Notice the picture of the back end of the vacuum regulated turn signal switch for the MGA (and some other cars of the era). The terminal designations molded into the housing are "F", "L", and "R".

For the MGA 1500 the "F" can mean Flasher. For the MGA 1600 the "F" can mean Fuse. This is the power input terminal for the switch. The "L" and "R" terminals would seem to be labeled for Left and Right turn signals, but for the MGA this is backward, where "L" is connected to operate the Right turn signal and "R" is connected to operate the Left turn signal.

This seemingly odd terminal labeling likely originated with an earlier application where the manual input knob, shaped like a single wing, was installed with the wing oriented upward from the shaft. Then when you push it toward the left the shaft would rotate anti-clockwise, and toward the right would rotate clockwise. That is the direction of rotation required for these terminal designations to make sense.

As this switch is installed in the MGA, the wing on the knob hangs downward. Pushing it to the left makes the shaft rotate clockwise, and to the right rotates anti-clockwise. This means you have to hook up the Left turn signal wire to the "R" terminal, and the Right turn signal wire to the "L" terminal. If your MGA turn signals seem to work backward, this is likely the problem and the fix. When in doubt, use a test light or ohm meter to check continuity for the switch terminals when you operate the input knob. Also pay attention to the color coding on the wires.

BMW RELAY Turn Signal

2010-09-02T15:10:00.000-07:00

Need a rebuilt BMW engine? Although only our used BMW

parts are listed in the catalog, click the rebuilt engines tab to see the full line of precision rebuilt BMW engines manufactured by Bavarian Engine Exchange http://www.BavEngine.com. We supply rebuildable cores to Bavarian Engine Exchange through a strategic partnership - and in turn, we offer their entire finished product line of precision rebuilt engines and cylinder heads - all with a 5 year unlimited mileage warranty.http://elektroniki.blogspot.com/ BMW RELAY Turn Signal

RELAY TURN SIGNAL

2010-09-02T15:08:00.000-07:00

The prerequisite for this course is "Lighting Gremlins" ET-103, where you learn all about checking and fixing power and ground connections in the lighting section of the wiring harness. The most important point of that exercise is to assure that you have good ground connections on all of the lamp housings before even attempting to diagnose anything else. This course continues on from there to discuss the switched and fused circuits for brake lights and turn signals.

I trust you have a 1500 car with single rear lamp fixtures and the turn signal relay box. For brake lights and turn signals, start with this diagram and print for reference:

MGA switched and fused lighting circuits, 1500 "circ_f2.htm".

".... I get good readings at .... the turn indicator switch (green, green yellow, green blue wires)."

For testing and debugging the brake lights and turn signals you need the ignition switch turned on. If you leave the ignition on for more than a few minutes at a time without the engine running, you run a risk of burning out the ignition coil. So before you go into this routine, disconnect one primary wire from the ignition coil, either the hot white or the white/black going to the distributor.

The first thing you should notice in the wiring diagram is that the turn signals and brake lights are sharing the ground connections with the parking lights and tail lights. So be sure the tail lights work (prior course) before going here.

You should also notice that the brake lights and rear turn signals on the MGA 1500 share the same high intensity filament in the single bulb in the rear lamps. This is what makes the big turn signal relay box necessary. When you switch on a turn signal, the relay disconnects the rear lamp from the brake light circuit and connects it to the front lamp and to the flasher unit with a 3-way relay connection. So before you go into the turn signals, you want to test the brake lights.

When the tail lights work (checking first for good ground), then switch on the key and step on the brake pedal to see if the brake lights work. If you get no brake lights, then check for power at the brake light switch. This you will find on top of the frame below the starter switch. The green wire should be hot with the switch on. If not, then back up one connector in the harness and look for power at the bullet connector in the engine bay, a 2-green-wire connector at same location as the 3-red-wire connector for the parking lights, near the starter switch. Go no farther until you have power at the brake light switch.

With power at the brake light switch, step on the pedal again. If you still have no brake lights you may have a bad hydraulic switch. Connect a jumper wire across the brake light switch to bypass it. If the brake lights work, then you need to replace the switch.

If the brake lights still don't work, then leave the power jumper connected across the switch and move on to the next connector in the harness. Find the 2-wire green/purple bullet connector near the starter switch. Check for power there which will now be coming from the brake light switch jumper. Clean the contacts if necessary to assure good connections at this location. Check again to see if you have brake lights.

If still no brake lights, then go to the next junction for that circuit, the green/purple wire on terminal 5 of the turn signal relay. Check for power at this terminal. If no power here, back up one paragraph, because you missed something. If you should ever find power at one end of a wire and no power at the other end of the same wire, the you have a broken wire (which is virtually impossible unless the harness is burned).

Once you have power on terminal 5 of the relay, the brake lights should be lit. If not, immediately check for power on terminals 3 and 7. If power on 5 but not on BOTH 3 and 7, then you have a bad normally closed contact in the relay. Then you may get your first look inside the relay. Or you may have to do this later for other reasons anyway. With the cover removed from the relay you can use emery paper to clean the contacts, as with any typical relay contacts.

TURN SIGNAL - FLASHER UNIT - ET-104

2010-09-02T15:04:00.000-07:00

"I'm having some trouble figuring out why my turn signals don't flash. Is there a way to test the flasher unit before fiddling with other things? And just out of curiosity, how does the flasher unit work?"

The flasher unit is the metal can shown in the picture on the right. Click for larger picture (and yes I know there's a wire loose). It has three screw terminals, "B" for Battery, "L" for Load, and "P" for Panel (dash indicator lamp). If the terminals are not marked you can check it with a test light or ohm meter. The "P" terminal will be open circuit at rest, and the other two terminals are functionally interchangeable. The canister does not need to be grounded, but it does need to have the correct electrical load to operate properly. And yes, you can test it by itself, but you do need to use the correct electrical load for the test.

The flasher only works properly when it is driving two 21 watt lamps in parallel (for the turn signals of course). This 42 watts is a load circuit with (nominally) 3.43 ohms resistance (6.86 ohms for each operating bulb with hot filament). If you want to use a resistor to emulate the electrical load for testing, you will need a 25 watt power resistor with any resistance value within about 10% of 3.43 ohms (within the range of 3.1 to 3.8 ohms). The 25 watt resistor is large enough, because the operation of the flasher is only about 50% duty cycle for the load. If you don't have the (expensive) power resistor handy, and don't want to buy one, you can hook up a pair of 21 watt bulbs in parallel, either in lamp sockets or by soldering wires to the bulb contacts. Or if you have enough confidence in your car's wiring integrity, you can just connect any two of the 21 watt bulbs in the car.

To test the flasher unit, do the following:

a.) Connect a hot wire (12 volts) to the "B" terminal of the flasher unit. In the car you might just switch on the ignition and use a test light to verify that power is connected to the flasher in the car. If you expect to do more than a few minutes of testing in the car, you should disconnect the ignition coil to avoid overheating and possibly damaging it.

b.) Connect the load (resistor or lamps) between the "L" terminal and ground (return to the earth terminal of the power supply or battery). In the car you can use any handy ground point on the car.

c.) Connect a grounded test lamp to the "P" terminal on the flasher unit.

With power and load connected, the flasher unit should commence clicking loudly on/off about one cycle per second (as you would want the turn signals to flash). If you have lamps connected for the load, the lamps should flash, and the lamps will get hot with about 10.5 watts of heat each at 50% on/off duty cycle. Using a resistor for load, the resistor will start to get hot with about 21 watts of heat (at 50% duty cycle of the flasher unit). The test lamp should also flash on/off in unison with the clicking. If it clicks at about the right rate, and the test lamp also flashes, then the flasher unit is in good operating condition. It does not hurt the flasher unit to leave it connected and operating for an extended period of time.

If the flasher unit doesn't click at the right rate, or the pilot lamp doesn't flash, then the unit is considered trash and needs replacement, because it's a sealed unit and generally non-repairable. If you were the curious type you could pry it open to see what's inside (nothing to lose but your time). For a non-working pilot lamp you might be able to clean the contacts. For a non-clicking unit you might have to rewind the heater element wire, which is beyond the scope of these test instructions, and also probably not cost effective.

End of test. Beyond that, if you understand how the flasher unit works, you may better understand some of the flasher quirks you may encounter from time in your car, and might be better equipped to repair the other problems.

Inside the flasher unit is a bimetal strip that will bend when heated. It is mounted in such a manner as to snap suddenly (and loudly) over center when heated or allowed to cool. This sudden change of position makes or breaks a relay contact to cause the turn signal lamps to flash. There is a winding of heater wire wrapped around that bimetal strip. One end is connected to the system power terminal "B", and the other end is connected to the output terminal "L" (going to the load). Passing a small current (less than one amp) through this heater wire causes it to heat up (about 7 watts of heat) and in turn heat the bimetal strip to make it bend and snap into the alternating position. Otherwise the thing looks like a single throw relay with a normally open contact, with the armature being operated by heat rather than a magnetic coil. When the flasher unit heats up and switches, the contactor shorts the input terminal to output terminal, which kills the voltage that was driving the heater. Then the bimetal strip cools off, and the contact snaps back open, and the cycle starts over again. Current will not flow to operate the heater element without the proper load connected to the output terminal.

To further understand how the whole flasher system works electrically, you need Ohms law and a simple power equation, like this:

E=IR (voltage = current times resistance)

P=(I^2)xR (Power = current squared times resistance)

By algebraically manipulating these equations you can represent and solve the electrical conditions in the flasher system.

When you put a voltmeter on the "unconnected" output of the flasher unit you will see 12 volts, but only because it's open circuit. If you touch it with a grounded test lamp, the lamp will light up, but not quite at full intensity. The resistance of the internal heater element is about 12 ohms. The resistance of a 3 watt test lamp is about 48 ohms. When connected in series this gives about 9.6 volts to drive the test light, which why it is not at full intensity, and you may read only about 2.4 volts at the flasher output terminal. Total circuit resistance is 60 ohms, so current flow is 0.2 amps. This generates about 0.5 watt of heat in the flasher, which is not sufficient to make it switch.

When you connect two 21 watt turn signal bulbs in parallel, and connect those to the flasher unit, the external load resistance is only 3.4 ohms. In series with the heater in the flasher that makes 15.4 ohms total circuit resistance, which will allow current flow of 0.8 amp, which will generate 7.3 watts of heat in the heater element. At the same time each of the two light bulbs gets 0.4 amp and 1.1 watt of power at about 2.4 volts. This is insufficient to make the bulbs light up, but the bulbs are the necessary ground return path for the heater element in the flasher unit.

This is the proper amount of current and heat to make the bimetal strip bend and switch over center. When the flasher switches like this it connects the flasher input terminal to the output terminal (and also to the pilot terminal). This applies the full 12 volts to the load to make the lamps light up. At the same time the heater element loses all drive voltage because both ends of the heater wire are then connected together by the switch (shorted). With no heat supplied, the bimetal strip then cools down until it relaxes and snaps back to the original rest position, opening the switch contact and killing the lamps. This also breaks the short across the heater element, and with power restored to the heater the cycle starts over and repeats, at about one flash per second.

As a matter of some interest, it may be noted that there will be a short delay of about 1/2 second between the time power is first applied and when the turn signal lamps first light up. In the MGA 1500 car with the turn signal relay box, the first click you hear when the turn signal switch is activated will be the relay switching on, not the flasher unit.

Although the flasher units have been known to last for decades, the eventual failure mode will most likely be a broken wire in the heater element. Before that happens it may develop a corroded contact for the pilot lamp, thereby disabling the indicator light on the dash while the turn signals still work. The next failure mode is very unlikely because the wiping contacts are generally self cleaning, but if the primary load contacts were badly corroded the flasher would switch to the actuated position and stay there as long as the power is on, as the contact would not be made to short our the heater power (and no power for the turn signal lamps).

If you add a third 21 watt bulb (in parallel) to the load there will be about 1.1 ohm less total resistance in circuit (7% less resistance), the flasher will see a bit more working current (8% more current), the heater element will heat up faster (about 16% more heat), it will attain slightly higher temperature and will take longer to cool down (nearly double the time) before it switches back. This makes for an overall slower flasher rate with quite a bit more "on" time and just a tiny bit less "off" time. Total cycle time is then about 50% longer, or about 1.5 seconds per cycle. That's not bad, because it tells me my trailer turn signal lamp is working when it flashes slower.

But if one of the car's two turn signal lamps is burned out or not properly connected, then the flasher unit sees double the external resistance (only one lamp connected), and it probably won't flash at all (about 33% less heat in the flasher heater element). When it doesn't switch, the turn signal lamps will never light up, because the rest position of the flasher is open circuit. Not flashing is the indication that there's something wrong with your wiring, or that you have a burned out bulb, and no operating turn signal on that side of the car.

Additionally, the MGA 1500 circuitry has the turn signals sharing the rear bulbs with the brake lights. That peculiarity (and associated quirks and problems)is discussed in the next lesson on the 1500 turn signal relay operation and fault diagnosis.

Anti Theft Car wireless alarm

2010-08-21T11:33:00.000-07:00

This is anti theft alarm with wireless connectivity ,called Anti Theft Car wireless alarm The FM radio-controlled anti- theft alarm can be used with any vehicle having 6- to 12-volt DC supply system. The mini VHF, FM transmitter is fitted in the vehicle at night when it is parked in the car porch or car park. The receiver unit with CXA1019,

a single IC-based FM radio module, which is freely available in the market at reasonable rate, is kept inside. Receiver is tuned to the transmitter's frequency. When the transmitter is on and the signals are being received by FM radio receiver, no hissing noise is available at the output of receiver. Thus transistor T2 (BC548) does not conduct. This results in the relay driver transistor T3 getting its forward base bias via 10k resistor R5 and the relay gets energised. When an intruder tries to drive the car and takes it a few metres away from the car porch, the radio link between the car (transmitter) and alarm (receiver) is broken. As a result FM radio module gene-rates hissing noise. Hissing AC signals are coupled to relay switching circ- uit via audio transformer. These AC signals are rectified and filtered by diode D1 and capacitor C8, and the resulting positive DC voltage provides a forward bias to transistor T2. Thus transistor T2 conducts, and it pulls the base of relay driver transistor T3 to ground level. The relay thus gets de-activated and the alarm connected via N/C contacts of relay is switched on. If, by chance, the intruder finds out about the wireless alarm and disconnects the transmitter from battery, still remote alarm remains activated because in the absence of signal, the receiver continues to produce hissing noise at its output. So the burglar alarm is fool-proof and highly reliable.

Game Show Timers Schema electronic Circuit

2010-08-21T10:39:00.001-07:00

Many people have expressed an interest in the game show timer from the "end user" viewpoint instead of the "hobbyist" viewpoint. These interested folks don't have much electronic assembly experience but they are highly motivated and are willing to give it a try in order to get the end result. It is with these people in mind that the following circuit was developed. This is my favorite and the one I recommend.

Game Show Timers Schema electronic Circuit

Here is a really simple game show timer designed with the beginner in mind! The power source is an ordinary 12 volt lantern battery or battery pack made up of C or D cells. The lamps may be ordinary flashlight bulbs; the prototype uses 750 mA Krypton types (KPR112) with wires soldered directly onto the bulbs. The control devices may be just about any non-sensitive gate SCRs or triacs with a current rating of a few amps. Avoid SCRs that trigger with 100s of microamperes; you want a gate trigger current of a few mA or else you will have trouble with more than one light coming on at once. A low value resistor, perhaps 470 ohms may be added from gate to -12 volts to reduce false triggering.

SCRs are shown and triacs may be substituted by connecting MT1 to the negative battery terminal and MT2 to the lamps. In fact, the two types of devices could probably be mixed if that is what the junk box has to offer! (But not sensitive gate types!) The zener is an ordinary 9 volt, 1 watt type like the 1N4739. The 100 ohm resistor may be any type with a rating of 1/8 watt or more. The reset/power button is an ordinary toggle switch and the pushbuttons are any convenient normally-open type

Electronic Circuit Symbols Components

2010-08-21T06:02:00.000-07:00

Circuit diagrams appearance how cyberbanking apparatus are affiliated together. Anniversary basic is represented by a attribute and a few are apparent here, for added symbols amuse see the Ambit Symbols page.

Circuit diagrams and basic layouts

Circuit diagrams appearance the access as acutely as accessible with all affairs fatigued neatly as beeline lines. The absolute blueprint of the apparatus is usually absolutely altered from the ambit diagram and this can be ambagious for the beginner. The abstruse is to apply on the connections, not the absolute positions of components.

The ambit diagram and stripboard blueprint for the Adjustable Timer activity are apparent actuality so you can see the difference.

A ambit diagram is advantageous back testing a ambit and for compassionate how it works. This is why the instructions for projects accommodate a ambit diagram as able-bodied as the stripboard or printed ambit lath blueprint which you charge to body the circuit.

Drawing ambit diagrams

Drawing ambit diagrams is not difficult but it takes a little convenance to draw neat, bright diagrams. This is a advantageous accomplishment for science as able-bodied as for electronics. You will absolutely charge to draw ambit diagrams if you architecture your own circuits.

Follow these tips for best results:

Make abiding you use the actual attribute for anniversary component.

Draw abutting affairs as beeline curve (use a ruler).

Put a 'blob' () at anniversary alliance amid wires.

Label apparatus such as resistors and capacitors with their values.

The absolute (+) accumulation should be at the top and the abrogating (-) accumulation at the bottom. The abrogating accumulation is usually labelled 0V, aught volts.

If you are cartoon the ambit diagram for science amuse see the area about cartoon diagrams the 'electronics way'.

If the ambit is complex:

Try to align the diagram so that signals breeze from larboard to right: inputs and controls should be on the left, outputs on the right.

You may omit the array or ability accumulation symbols, but you charge accommodate (and label) the accumulation curve at the top and bottom.

Drawing ambit diagrams the 'electronics way'

Circuit diagrams for electronics are fatigued with the absolute (+) accumulation at the top and the abrogating (-) accumulation at the bottom. This can be accessible in compassionate the operation of the ambit because the voltage decreases as you move bottomward the ambit diagram.

Circuit diagrams for science are commonly fatigued with the array or ability accumulation at the top. This is not wrong, but there is usually no advantage in cartoon them this way and I anticipate it is beneath accessible for compassionate the circuit.

I advance that you consistently draw your ambit diagrams the 'electronics way', alike for science!

[I achievement your science abecedary won't apperception too much!]

Note that the abrogating accumulation is usually alleged 0V (zero volts).

This is explained on the Voltage and Current page.

Dome light dimmer With delay for Cars

2010-08-21T02:04:00.000-07:00

Dome light dimmer With delay for Cars

Intro & abnegation

For all you guys out there that appetite a crumbling arch ablaze (aka address ablaze aka theatre lighting) after accepting to pay for one, you can body your own. I accept absorbed the schematics and you can body it for a few bucks accustomed that you don't accept any additional apparatus lying about contrarily it can amount you absolutely nothing. Of advance you can rip some genitalia from your TV, CD player, radio, etc., but I'm not amenable for the accident you account this way

The way it works

I won't bother you with abstruse details, but if addition is absorbed aloof let me apperceive and I'll explain in detail. For now aloof the basics. There are two stages: aboriginal one is dabbling and the additional one is fading. Back you accessible the aperture the ablaze turns on. You get central and abutting the door, but the ablaze stays on (delay stage) for an adjustable aeon of time (0-40 sec. for the ethics in the scheme, but you can calmly adapt that i.e. put a bigger capacitor) so you can see area to admit the key or do whatever you do back you get in the car, again fades abroad (fading stage) with an adjustable speed. If you affix the ACC wire (which is absolutely optional) back you about-face the key to ACC position the ablaze turns off (actually fades) alike if the dabbling date is not over (it cancels the adjournment stage).

Setup

The SR1 trimmer pot adjusts the dabbling time (the aeon that the ball is at abounding intensity) and you accept a "witness" LED that is lit during the dabbling stage; that way you can set it visually to whatever continuance you like. Back the aboriginal date ends (marked by the LED not actuality lit anymore) enters the additional date - fading. The SR2 trimmer pot adjusts the crumbling time (or acceleration if you prefer)

The angel aloft depicts how the arch ablaze about-face is usually affiliated (depending on the accomplish and archetypal of your car the affiliation may be altered in which case you'll accept to amount it out).

The angel beneath shows the schematic and the access to the arch ablaze switch.

Wiper Speed Control Circuits

2010-08-21T01:59:00.000-07:00

A continuously alive wiper in a car may prove to be a nuisance, abnormally back it is not aqueous heavily. By application the ambit declared actuality one can alter across-the-board amount of the wiper from already a additional to already in ten seconds. The ambit comprises two timer NE555 ICs, one CD4017 decade counter, one TIP32 disciplinarian transistor, a 2N3055 ability transistor (or TIP3055) and a few added detached components. Timer IC1 is configured as a mono- abiding multivibrator which produces a beating back one presses

Wiper Speed Control Circuits

about-face S1 momentarily. This beating acts as a alarm beating for the decade adverse (IC2) which advances by one calculation on anniversary alternating alarm beating or the advance of about-face S1. Ten presets (VR1 through VR10), set for altered ethics by balloon and error, are acclimated at the ten outputs of IC2. But back alone one achievement of IC2 is aerial at a time, alone one preset (at called output) finer comes in alternation with timing resistors R4 and R5 affiliated in the ambit of timer IC3 which functions in astable mode. As presets VR1 through VR10 are set for altered values, altered time periods (or frequencies) for astable multivibrator IC3 can be selected. The achievement of IC3 is activated to pnp disciplinarian transistor T1 (TIP32) for active the final ability transistor T2 (2N3055) which in about-face drives the wiper motor at the called ambit speed. The ability accumulation for the wiper motor as able-bodied as the ambit is broke from the vehicle�s array itself. The continuance of monostable multivibrator IC1 is set for a about one additional period.

Charge Monitor For 12V Lead Acid Battery

2010-08-21T01:52:00.001-07:00

A array is a basic aspect of any battery-backed system. In abounding cases the array is added big-ticket than the arrangement it is abetment up. Hence we allegation to accept all activated measures to conserve array life.

As per manufacturer's abstracts sheets, a 12V rechargeable lead-acid array should be operated aural 10. IV and 13.8V. Back the array accuse college than 13.8V it is said to be overcharged, and back it discharges beneath 10.IV it can be acutely discharged. A distinct accident of blackmail or abysmal acquittal can accompany bottomward the charge-holding accommodation of a array by 15 to 20 per cent.

It is accordingly all-important for all anxious to adviser the allegation akin of their batteries continuously. But, in practice, abounding of the array users are clumsy to do so because of non-avail�ability of reasonably-priced ecology equipment. The ambit abstraction presented actuality will ample this abandoned by accouterment a ambit for ecology the allegation akin of lead-acid batteries continuously. The ambit possesses two basic features:

First, it reduces the claim of animal absorption by about 85 per cent.

Second, it is a awful authentic and adult method.

Input from the array beneath analysis is activated to LM3914 1C. This activated voltage is ranked anywhere amid 0 and 10, depending aloft its magnitude. The lower advertence voltage of 10.IV is ranked '0' and the high voltage of 13.8V is ranked as '10.' (Outputs 9 and 10 are logically ORed in this circuit.) This arrangement of advertence voltages is explained later.

1C 74LS147 is a decimal-to-BCD antecedence encoder which converts the achievement of LM3914 into its BCD complement. The accurate BCD is acquired by application the hex inverter 74LS04. This BCD achievement is displayed as a decimal chiffre afterwards con�version application IC5 (74LS247), which is a BCD-to-seven-segment decoder/driver. The seven-segment LED affectation (LTS-542) is acclimated because it is accessible to apprehend compared to a bar blueprint or, for that matter, an alternation meter. The allegation cachet of the array can be bound affected from the display. For instance, if the affectation shows 4, it agency that the array is answerable to 40 per cent of its best amount of 13.8V.

The use of agenda attempt enables us to apply a buzzer that sounds whenever there is an blackmail or abysmal discharge, or there is a allegation to conserve array charge. A buzzer is active in the ambit such that it sounds whenever battery-charge avalanche to ten per cent. At this point it is recommended that accidental amount be switched off and the actual allegation be conserved for added important purposes.

Another simple combinational argumentation ambit can additionally be advised that will complete the buzzer back the affectation shows 9. Further charging should be chock-full at this point in adjustment to pre�vent overcharge.

The ambit is powered by the array beneath test, via a voltage regulator 1C. The ambit takes about 100 mA for its operation.

For calibrating the high and lower advertence levels, a agenda multimeter and a capricious adapted ability accumulation antecedent are required. For calibrating the lower advertence voltage, chase the accomplish accustomed below:

Set the achievement of ability accumulation antecedent to 10. IV.

Connect the ability accumulation antecedent in abode of the battery.

Now the affectation will appearance some reading. At this point alter preset VR2 until the account on the affectation aloof changes from 1 to 0.

The college advertence voltage is calibrated analogously by ambience the ability accumulation to 13.8V and capricious preset VR1 until account on the affectation aloof changes from 8 to 9

RF Transceiver Module - High Frequency RF Transceiver - 900 Mhz

2010-08-21T01:01:00.000-07:00

RF Transceiver Module - High Frequency RF Transceiver - 2.4GHz. Transceiver

RF Modules - RF Transceiver

Laipac offers several low cost RF modules for high speed data transmission. Low cost modules include the TLP/RLP series of transmitters and receivers . These modules are very versatile, therefore perfect for OEM customers. We also offer a variety of Transceivers for voice, data & voice and data & voice & video. The transceivers are great for more complex, full duplex telemetry or communications.

RF Transceiver Module

Model

Main Features

Frequency

Voltage

Data Rate

Sensitivity

Max. Consumption

RF900DV

16 Channels

902.525~
904.625MHZ. & 902.525 ~

5V (Base) &
3.6V (Remote),

200Kbps~28.8Kbps

-103dB

80mA

TRF-2.4G High Speed Data/Transceiver 2.4Ghz Frequency : 2.4~2.524 GHz 3V Estimated 100mts @250Kbps ; 50mts @1Mbps, Line of Sight -90dB @250kbps
-80dB @1000kbps 18 mA@250kbps

WIRELESS USB DONGLE - AWP24U

2010-08-21T00:56:00.000-07:00

Artaflex Inc 2.4GHz Rf Transceiver Module AMR, HID, RKE, Smart Appliances AWP24U

WIRELESS USB DONGLE - AWP24U - RF and RFID
Digi-Key Part Number 748-1002-ND
Price Break Unit Price Extended Price
1 31.99000 31.99
10 24.99000 249.90
100 19.99000 1999.00
500 17.75004 8875.02
1000 16.99001 16990.01
Manufacturer Part Number AWP24U
Description WIRELESS USB DONGLE
Quantity Available 12
All prices are in US dollars.

Wireless USB - RF Transceivers™

2010-08-21T00:52:00.000-07:00

Cypress's WirelessUSB(TM) solutions are designed for short-range, multipoint-to-point connectivity. WirelessUSB enables PC Human Interface Device (HID) peripherals, such as wireless mice, keyboards, media-center remote controls and presenter tools, wire replacement with a low-power and highly reliable, 2.4GHz wireless solution. Cypress's patented WirelessUSB technology offers unparalleled feature set to enable superior RF performance, interference immunity, and maximum battery life.

To further extend the flexibility and programmablity of Cypress's Wireles portfolio, PRoC(TM) - Programmable Radio-system on-a Chip - integrates a flexible 8-bit microcontroller with the 2.4GHz radio transceiver in a single chip solution. The PRoC solutions offers a unique capability of component integration to enable extremely small form factor designs for low-power wireless systems.

Furthermore, Cypress's easy-to-use Wireless hardware and software tools reduce wireless complexity for customers, significantly reducing design cycles, from end-to-end wireless keyboard and mouse reference designs to production ready, pre-certified RF modules. Modules provide complete drop-in solutions, including the complete (silicon and all external components) printed circuit board (PCB) to meet maximum performance requirements. Cypress has partnerships with Ontario-based Artaflex, Fremont, CA-based Unigen, and Italy-based Aurel to offer a wide portfolio of wireless modules. Information and datasheets for these modules can be found on their websites:

Company Name	Company Description	Detailed Info on CYPros
Artaflex Inc.	Artaflex (Formerly Baranti) is an award-winning electronic design and manufacturing services company, serving major OEMs across the United States and Canada. Artaflex designs electronic products and modules for clients ranging from technology startups to Fortune 500 companies. The company has particular expertise in digital video / imaging products, but maintains a diverse design portfolio in multimedia, consumer electronics, portable embedded products, health care, industrial controls, and computing.	Artaflex Inc.
Aurel	AUREL was established in the 1970 with the mission to develop and promote thick film technology and equipments. AUREL products include: thick film hybrid with custom design and assemblies, proprietary design radio frequency modules, avionic application modules, electromedical instruments, remote controls. AUREL offers advanced technological solutions and manufacturing processes which continuously guarantee the requested high level of quality. AUREL facilities extended over 4.000 SM with more than 100 skilled workers plus an International sales network AUREL, leader into Short Range Devices & Radiofrequency modules is ISO 9001 Ed. 2000 for full design and manufacturing process.	Not part of CYPros program yet. Please contactAureldirectly.
Unigen Corp.	Unigen is a leader in the design and manufacture of OEM memory, DC-DC power conversion, wired and wireless communication, flash memory, and other standard and customer specific module solutions. Unigen supplies silicon, modules, and services to leading clients in the PC, server, networking, telecommunication, imaging, medical, defense, and mobile computing industries. Unigen's core competency is the design and manufacture of precise and complex standard and customer module products. Unigen services includes contract manufacturing and assembly, worldwide product distribution, supply chain management, testing, prototyping, product assurance, and post sales support. Unigen is headquartered in Fremont, Calif., and operates state-of-the-art, ISO 9001 certified SMT manufacturing and design facilities.	Unigen Corporation

transmitters modules at 433.92MHz

2010-08-21T00:48:00.000-07:00

TLP - F02 | ASK transmitters modules at 433.92MHz

Model: TLP - F02
Remote Control (Transmitter)
FCC Certified

Frequency Range: 433.92MHz
Size: 50 x 38 x 11 (mm)

Battery: 12V

Button: 2 keys

manual transmitter modules

2.4 Ghz. Transceiver - RF Transceiver-OEM

2010-08-21T00:45:00.000-07:00

TRF 2.4G - Transceiver 2.4 Ghz

Specification
2.4Ghz. Data Transceiver" - TRF-2.4G TLP2.4G - High Speed Data/Transceiver 2.4Ghz
Specification :
* Frequency : 2.4~2.524 GHz
* Modulation type: GFSK
* Op. Voltage: 3V
* Output Power: +4dBm
* Data Rate: 1Mbps
* Small footprint size: 20.0 x 36.7 x 2.4mm
* Operating Tempeature: -40 ~ + 85 C
* Long range : estimated 100mts @250Kbps ; 50mts @1Mbps , Line of Sight
* Built-in antenna.
* Real full-duplex, including decoder, encoder and data buffer.
* Very low cost
* Applications: Telemetry, Wireless Toys, Remote Control, Wireless Speaker, Wireless Earphone or Walkie-Talkie, Wireless Mouse and Keyboard, Utility Meters Data Downloading ...etc

Model Description SPEC (PDF)
TRF-2.4G High frequency Transceiver module (GFSK) 2.4GHz

Symb Parameter(condition) Notes Min. Typ. Max. Units
VDD Supply voltage 1.9 3.0 3.6 V
TEMP Operating temperature -40 +27 +85 Centigrate
f op Operting frequency 1) 2400 2524 MHz
R GFSK Data rate direct mode 3) 250 1000 kbps
F CHANNEL Channel spacing 1 MHz
I VDD Supply current one channel 250kbps 18 mA
I VDD Supply current one channel 1000kbps 19 mA
I VDD Supply current two channels 250kbps 23 mA
I VDD Supply current two channels 1000kbps 25 mA
RX SENS Sensitivity at 0.1%BER(@250kbps) -90 dB
RX SENS Sensitivity at 0.1%BER(@1000kbps) -80 dB
Conditions: VDD=+3V,VSS=0V,T A =-40 centigrade to +85 centigrade

New 2.4 GHz RF Transceiver Nodules

2010-08-21T00:42:00.000-07:00

2.4 GHz RF transceiver modules

Features:

Miniature size - Just 20mm x 21mm footprint

2.4GHz frequency of operation (license free worldwide)

Multiple channels

Transceiver module - Capable of both transmit and receive

Low cost & easy integration - Through hole or SMT package

Tiny wire antenna included (through hole version)- no

external antenna needed

Easily interface with any microcontroller using very few

resources

Interface with microcontroller requires just 4 I/O pins (min.)

Data rate up to 1Mbps

Burst mode operation saves significant power

Range - 100-150ft line of sight (250kbps data rate)

Very low power consumption, typically operates with coin batteries.

2V to 3.6V operating voltage.

Complete source code examples in C for popular microcontrollers

Cost:

Qty 1-99 : $20ea

Qty 100 and above: $16ea

Volume discounts available

Applications:

Wireless keyboard, mouse, joysticks, game pad etc

Wireless remote control

Keyless entry systems for automobiles

Garage door openers

Active RFID

Home & industrial automation

Robotics and hobby electronics

Wireless data acquisition

A Simple Electronic Buzzer electronic

2010-08-20T22:44:00.000-07:00

the circuit is very simple , it just uses a couple of resistors, a capacitor and the easily available 555 timer IC. The 555 is setup as an astable multivibrator operating at a frequency of about 1kHz that produces a shrill noise when switched on.

A Simple Electronic Buzzer electronic

The frequency can be changed by varying the 10K resistor.

Schema HO Train Model Lighthouse Flasher

2010-08-16T08:13:00.000-07:00

HO alternation sets generally accept accurate attractive calibration archetypal homes and buildings. The amusement ambit beneath can be army central a archetypal lighthouse. The cyberbanking ambit drives a distinct LED lamp in such a way that it produces ablaze which simulates the alternating ablaze from a alarm beacon. It uses a bifold low ability op amp IC.

Schema HO Train Model Lighthouse Flasher

The aboriginal accessory forms a archetypal oscillator ambit whose achievement is both a triangle waveform arresting and a aboveboard beachcomber signal. The triangle arresting is baffled to a accepted regulator circuit, which converts the triangle voltage arresting to a triangle accepted arresting through the alarm LED. The aboveboard beachcomber arresting is aboriginal beatific through a capacitor afresh to a ability FET transistor. This produces a aerial accepted beating through the LED, with the appropriate timing to aftermath a strobe effect. The aftereffect is a LED, which gradually grows brighter, afresh flashes alike brighter afore concealment again. This should aftermath a light, which simulates a alternating alarm light.

Click on Schematic beneath to appearance PDF adaptation of this Circuit

Trigger Input Control Of 555 Timers

2010-08-16T05:55:00.000-07:00

The following method allows the timer to be triggered by a normally closed switch. This would be useful in applications such as intrusion alarms where the protection circuit is broken if a window or door is opened Trigger Input Control Of 555 Timers

SET TIMING CALCULATORS FOR THE LM555

2010-08-16T05:43:00.000-07:00

The LM555 timer and its twin brothers the LM556 are cornerstones of model railroad electronics but the sensitivity of the trigger input gives rise to many false triggering problems. The addition of a 470K ohm resistor and a 0.1uF capacitor at the TRIGGER input (Pin 2) will provide a delay of approximately 1/20th of a second from the time the input goes to zero volts until the trigger threshold of 1/3Vcc is reached. This short delay can eliminate false triggering in most cases and if the problem persists the value of the

SET TIMING CALCULATORS FOR THE LM555

capacitor or resistor can be increased as needed.

The following schematic shows two additions to the basic 555 timer circuit. One reduces the trigger sensitivity and the other will double the output pulse duration without increasing the values of R1 and C1.

Tips RESET And CONTROL Terminal Notes

2010-08-16T05:35:00.001-07:00

Most of the circuits at this web armpit that use the LM555 and LM556 timer chips do not appearance access for the RESET and CONTROL inputs. This was done in adjustment to accumulate the schematics as simple as possible.

Back the RESET terminal is not activity to be acclimated it is accustomed convenance to affix this ascribe to the accumulation voltage. This is abnormally accurate of the CMOS adaptation of these timers as the inputs of these accessories are actual sensitive.
The RESET terminal can additionally be affiliated to the CONTROL terminal after affecting the basal operation of the timer but the timing aeon will be afflicted as the voltage at the CONTROL terminal will bead actual slightly. For best aeon circuits this will not be a problem.

In abounding cases the CONTROL ascribe does not crave a bypass capacitor back a able-bodied adapted ability accumulation is used. However, it is acceptable convenance to abode a 0.1 microfarad (C2) or beyond capacitor at this terminal to abbreviate voltage fluctuations.

It is additionally acceptable convenance to abode a 0.1uF bypass capacitor (C1) beyond the ability accumulation and amid as abutting to the IC as possible. This will abate voltage spikes back the achievement transistors of the timer change states.

LM555 and LM556 Timer Circuits

2010-08-16T02:57:00.000-07:00

This folio presents accepted advice and tips for application the LM555 timer and its cousins with added letter prefixes. There can be accessory differences amid 555 timer IC's from altered manufacturers but they all should be adapted for any ambit on this page.

If you would like to use any of these ideas, amuse booty time to do some testing afore application the LM555 timer in an absolute circuit. All of the solutions on this folio can additionally be activated to the LM556 - Dual timer.

Some of the circuits on this folio were developed aloof to see if they would assignment and accept no advised use.

The card beneath links to assorted sections of this folio that chronicle to the items in the index. New additions arise at the basal of the list.This page does not apply the LM558 - Quad Timer IC which is significantly different when compared to the 555 and 556 timers.

The differences include: (1) The output of each 558 timer is an open collector transistor with a 100 milliamp current capacity while the 555 and 556 timers have bipolar outputs with a 200 milliamp capacity. (2) The TRIGGER input of the 558 is EDGE Triggered while the TRIGGER input of the 555 and 556 timers are LEVEL Triggered.

Individual LM558 timers are not designed to operate in an astable mode. Two 558 timers must be connected in a loop to make an astable oscillator.

EDGE Triggered - means that the change in the output state of the timer is caused by a quickly falling or rising voltage at the input terminal. If the input voltage changes too slowly the output will not switch states.

LEVEL Triggered - means that the change in the output state of the timer is caused when the voltage at an input terminal falls bellow or rises above a preset level. The rate at which the voltage changes is not a factor.

The THRESHOLD input terminals for the 555, 556 and 558 timers are all LEVEL triggered.

High-Order Digital Parametric Equalizer Design

2010-08-16T02:30:00.000-07:00

High-Order Digital Parametric Equalizer Design - MATLAB Toolbox

Sophocles J. Orfanidis

ECE Department, Rutgers University

94 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8058, USA

Email: orfanidi@ece.rutgers.edu

Tel: 732-445-5017

Date: June 15, 2005

This toolbox contains a collection of MATLAB functions for designing high-order digital parametric equalizer filters based on Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic analog prototypes, and for their implementation in frequency-shifted transposed, normalized lattice, and optimum state-space forms. High-order equalizers provide flatter passbands and sharper bandedges at the expense of higher computational cost. The conventional biquadratic equalizer is obtained as a special case, and its optimum minimum roundoff-noise state-space form is included. The functions may also be used to design conventional lowpass, highpass, bandpass, and bandstop filters.

A subset of this toolbox includes functions for the computation of the Jacobian elliptic functions at complex arguments based on the Landen transformation, the computation of their inverses, elliptic integrals, solutions of the degree equation, and evaluation of the elliptic rational function.

Reference: Sophocles J. Orfanidis, "High-Order Digital Parametric Equalizer Design," J. Audio Eng. Soc., vol. 53, pp. 1026-1046, Nov. 2005.

Download Digital Parametric design

Top Equalizer design example

2010-08-16T02:18:00.000-07:00

Here i have sample Equalizer design example

% "Filter design" lecture notes (EE364) by S. Boyd % (figures are generated) % % Designs a frequency-domain and time-domain FIR equalizer for % a single-input single-output (SISO) channel. % % Frequency-domain equalization uses a Chebychev criteria and % is specified in terms of frequency response functions. % It is a convex problem (which can be formulated as an SOCP): % %   minimize   max |G(w)H(w) - G_des(w)|     for w in [0,pi] % % where H is the frequency response function and our variable % is the filter impulse response h. Function G is the unequalized % frequency response and G_des is the desired freq response. % % Time-domain equalization immediately designs the impulse % response function by specifying the problem in time (it's an LP): % %   minimize   max_{t neq D} |g_tilde(t)| %       s.t.   g_tilde(D) = 1 % % where g_tilde is the impulse response of equalized system, % and D is the delay of the system. % % Written for CVX by Almir Mutapcic 02/02/06  %******************************************************************** % problem specs %******************************************************************** % sample channel with impulse response g g =.5*[ 0.6526;  0.2157; -0.2639;  1.8024; -0.6430; ...         0.1096; -0.7190;  0.4206; -0.0193;  0.6603;];  % problem parameters n  = 30;              % filter order D  = 10;              % overall delay  %******************************************************************** % frequency domain equalization %******************************************************************** % number of freq samples (rule-of-thumb) m  = 15*(length(g) + n);  w = linspace(0,pi,m)'; G = exp( -j*kron(w,[0:length(g)-1]) )*g; A = exp( -j*kron(w,[0:n-1]) );  % desired frequency response is a pure delay (equalized channel) Gdes = exp(-j*D*w);  % formulate and solve the Chebyshev design problem cvx_begin   variable hf(n,1)   minimize( max( abs( G.*(A*hf) - Gdes ) ) ) cvx_end  % check if problem was successfully solved disp(['Frequency equalization problem is ' cvx_status]) if ~strfind(cvx_status,'Solved')   return end  %******************************************************************** % time-domain equalization %******************************************************************** % define the convolution matrix Tconv = toeplitz([g; zeros(n-1,1)],[g(1) zeros(1,n-1)]);  % create array of all times without t=D times_not_D = [1:D D+2:size(Tconv,1)];  % formulate and solve the time equalization problem cvx_begin   variable t   variable ht(n,1)    minimize( max( abs( Tconv(times_not_D,:)*ht ) ) )   subject to     Tconv(D+1,:)*ht == 1; cvx_end  % check if problem was successfully solved if ~strfind(cvx_status,'Solved')   disp(['Frequency equalization problem is ' cvx_status])   return end  %******************************************************************** % equalizer plots %******************************************************************** % plot g figure(1) plot([0:length(g)-1],g,'o',[0:length(g)-1],g,'b:') xlabel('t') ylabel('g(t)')  figure(2) H = exp(-j*kron(w,[0:length(g)-1]))*g; % magnitude subplot(2,1,1); plot(w,20*log10(abs(H))) axis([0,pi,-20,20]) xlabel('w') ylabel('mag G(w) in dB') % phase subplot(2,1,2) plot(w,angle(H)) axis([0,pi,-pi,pi]) xlabel('w') ylabel('phase G(w)')  % freq equalizer figure(3) plot([0:n-1],hf,'o',[0:n-1],hf,'b:') xlabel('t') ylabel('h(t)')  % plot g_tilde figure(4) gt=conv(g,hf); plot([1:length(gt)]-1,gt,'o',[1:length(gt)]-1,gt,'b:') xlabel('t') ylabel('g tilde(t)') axis([0,length(gt)-1,-.2 1.2])  figure(5) H = exp(-j*kron(w,[0:length(gt)-1]))*gt; % amplitude subplot(2,1,1) plot(w,20*log10(abs(H))) axis([0,pi,-20,20]) xlabel('w') ylabel('mag G tilde(w) in dB') % phase subplot(2,1,2) plot(w,angle(H)) axis([0,pi,-pi,pi]) xlabel('w') ylabel('phase G tilde(w)')  % time equalizer figure(6) plot([0:n-1],ht,'o',[0:n-1],ht,'b:') xlabel('t') ylabel('h(t)')  % plot g_tilde figure(7) gt=conv(g,ht); plot([1:length(gt)]-1,gt,'o',[1:length(gt)]-1,gt,'b:') xlabel('t') ylabel('g tilde(t)')  figure(8) H = exp(-j*kron(w,[0:length(gt)-1]))*gt; % magnitude subplot(2,1,1) plot(w,20*log10(abs(H))) axis([0,pi,-20,20]) xlabel('w') ylabel('mag G tilde(w) in dB') % phase subplot(2,1,2) plot(w,angle(H)) axis([0,pi,-pi,pi]) xlabel('w') ylabel('phase G tilde(w)')

Electrical System Schematic of Yamaha 175

2010-07-31T01:27:00.000-07:00

Electrical System Schematic of Yamaha 175
The afterward account shows the Yamaha 175 Base Diagram (CT2 and CT3 model) and Electrical System Schematic. Herein you get detail advice apropos the alternation and base amid electrical genitalia and apparatus of the motorcycle such as battery, ground, headlight, taillight, horn, rectifier, brake, flywheel magneto, etc.
Yamaha 175 Base Diagram

Yamaha 175 Base Color Code

Daytime charging circuit

Night time charging circuit

Battery (+) circuit

Ground circuit

Front anchor stop light

Rear anchor stop light

Tail light

Head/meter light

Common circuit

Headlight capital circuit

Headlight sub circuit

Horn circuit

Rectifier circuit

Flasher

Flasher ablaze right

Flasher ablaze larboard

Green

Green/Red

Red

Black

Green/Yellow

Yellow

Blue

Blue

Brown

Yellow

Green

Pink

White

Brown/White

Dark Green

Dark Brown

Sensor Mass Air Flow MAF

2010-07-31T01:26:00.000-07:00

A accumulation air breeze sensor is acclimated to acquisition out the accumulation of air entering a fuel-injected centralized agitation engine. The air accumulation advice is all-important for the agent ascendancy assemblage (ECU) to antithesis and bear the actual ammunition accumulation to the engine. Air changes its body as it expands and affairs with temperature and pressure. In automotive applications, air body varies with the ambient temperature, distance and use of a turbocharger and this is an ideal appliance for a accumulation sensor. (See stoichiometry and ideal gas law.)

There are two accepted types of accumulation airflow sensors in use on automotive engines. These are the vane beat and the hot wire. Neither architecture employs technology that measures air accumulation directly. However, with an added sensor or two, the engine's air accumulation breeze amount can be accurately determined.

Both approaches are acclimated about alone on cyberbanking ammunition bang (EFI) engines. Both sensor designs achievement a 0.0- 5.0 volt or a pulse-width accentuation (PWM) arresting that is proportional to the air accumulation breeze rate, and both sensors accept an assimilation air temperature (IAT) sensor congenital into their housings.

When a MAF is acclimated in affiliation with an oxygen sensor, the engine's air/fuel arrangement can be controlled actual accurately. The MAF sensor provides the open-loop predicted air breeze advice (the abstinent air flow) to the ECU, and the oxygen sensor provides closed-loop acknowledgment in adjustment to accomplish accessory corrections to the predicted air mass. Also see MAP sensor.

Throttle Position Sensor tipical

2010-07-31T01:23:00.000-07:00

Throttle Position Sensor
Here is a archetypal schematic diagram of the car Burke Position Sensor Circuit. The Burke Position Sensor (TPS) is advised to indicates the position of the burke valve. Usually the Burke Position Sensor is army on the burke anatomy and converts the burke valve bend into an electrical signals. Central the TPS is a resistor and a wiper arm. The arm is consistently contacting the resistor.
Burke Position Sensor Circuit Diagram

How the Burke Position Sensor works?

A wiper arm central the sensor is mechanically affiliated to a affective part, such as valve or vane. As the allotment moves, the wiper arm additionally moves. The wiper arm is additionally in acquaintance with a resistor. As the wiper arm moves on the resistor, the arresting voltage achievement changes which indicates position.

Allied Electronics insurance

2010-07-18T11:18:00.000-07:00

Benefits

For all that you put into your job, you deserve the best in return.

Allied Electronics works diligently to meet the needs of our employees and their families, that's why we offer our eligible employees a competitive and comprehensive benefit package. Upon reaching eligibility, you can choose to participate in a variety of benefit plans designed to meet you and your family's needs:
Medical Insurance
Dental Insurance
Vision Insurance
Flex Systems
Life/Accidental Death
Dismemberment Insurance
Supplement Life
Disability Insurance
401K
Nine Paid Holidays
Vacation Time
Sick Time
Floating Holidays
Guidance Resources
Educational Reimbursement
Service Recognition Awards
Discount on Products
United Way Campaign

Three-phase electric power Schema

2010-07-18T10:41:00.001-07:00

Three-phase electric ability is a accepted adjustment of alternating-current electric ability transmission.[1] It is a blazon of polyphase system, and is the best accepted adjustment acclimated by electric ability administration grids accepted to administer power. It is additionally acclimated to ability ample motors and added ample loads. A three-phase arrangement is about added economical than others because it uses beneath aqueduct actual to address electric ability than agnate single-phase or two-phase systems at the aforementioned voltage.[2]

In a three-phase system, three ambit conductors backpack three alternating currents (of the aforementioned frequency) which ability their direct aiguille ethics at altered times. Taking one aqueduct as the reference, the added two currents are delayed in time by one-third and two-thirds of one aeon of the electrical current. This adjournment amid phases has the aftereffect of giving affiliated ability alteration over anniversary aeon of the current, and additionally makes it accessible to aftermath a alternating alluring acreage in an electric motor.

Three-phase systems may or may not accept a aloof wire. A aloof wire allows the three-phase arrangement to use a college voltage while still acknowledging lower-voltage single-phase appliances. In high-voltage administration situations, it is accepted not to accept a aloof wire as the endless can artlessly be affiliated amid phases (phase-phase connection).

Three-phase has backdrop that accomplish it actual adorable in electric ability systems:

The appearance currents tend to abolish out one another, accretion to aught in the case of a beeline counterbalanced load. This makes it accessible to annihilate or abate the admeasurement of the aloof conductor; all the appearance conductors backpack the aforementioned accepted and so can be the aforementioned size, for a counterbalanced load.

Power alteration into a beeline counterbalanced amount is constant, which helps to abate architect and motor vibrations.

Three-phase systems can aftermath a alluring acreage that rotates in a defined direction, which simplifies the architecture of electric motors.

Three is the everyman appearance adjustment to display all of these properties.

Most domiciliary endless are single-phase. In North America and some added countries, three-phase ability about does not access homes. Even in areas area it does, it is about breach out at the capital administration lath and the alone endless are fed from a distinct phase. Sometimes it is acclimated to ability electric stoves and abrasion machines.

The three phases are about adumbrated by colors which alter by country. See the table for added information

Quanis Phillips was shot

2010-07-18T10:40:00.001-07:00

The account that a man was attempt at a 30th altogether affair for Eagles quarterback Michael Vick has taken a twist, with letters that Quanis Phillips, one of the co-defendants in the abominable dogfighting case that landed Vick in prison, was the victim in the cutting -- and that he was attempt afterwards a battle with Vick.

The Daily Press of Hampton Roads (Va.) letters that a agent for Sentara Virginia Beach General Hospital accepted that Phillips was accepted aboriginal this morning and was listed in acceptable condition.

A agent for Virginia Beach badge said the cutting occurred about 2:10 a.m. ET afterwards a action bankrupt out at the club area Vick was accepting a altogether party, aloof as the club was closing.

According to Daily Press anchorman David Squires, Phillips showed up to the affair alike admitting Vick is not declared to be advertence with any of his dogfighting co-defendants.

Squires writes that there was a battle amid Phillips and Vick central the party, that the battle again confused outside, and that's back Phillips was shot.

Vick's lawyer, Larry Woodward, says Vick was not complex and was not present back the cutting occurred.

According to the Daily Press report, there were assemblage who "don't appetite it to be accepted if they were witnesses." Badge say the victim and assemblage were uncooperative.

In 2004, Vick was present back Phillips allegedly blanket a Rolex watch from an airport X-ray belt.

RS Components Industri

2010-07-18T10:37:00.001-07:00

How do you know RS, rapidshare, no it is not RS Components, commonly known as RS, is a global, world leading industrial component distributor headquartered in Corby in the United Kingdom. It distributes to the United Kingdom, most of Europe and Asia and is part of the Electrocomponents Group.

The aggregation was founded in 1937 in London beneath the name Radiospares affairs added genitalia for radios. When televisions became popular, television genitalia were added to Radiospares' artefact list. By the end of World War II, the aggregation had acquired into a ample civic administration company. In 1954, the founders of Radiospares broadcast the company's focus from shops and home users to the automated sector. This action was completed in the 1960s.

1937 Radiospares founded in London by JH Waring and PM Sebestyen

1947 Radiospares establishes an consign articulation with the anew founded Radionics in Dublin

1954 Radiospares articles are aimed at industry and artefact ambit is continued above radio and television spares

1967 Radiospares floats on the London Stock Exchange as Electrocomponents plc - Over 50% of sales are now to industry

1971 Radiospares changes its name to RS Components

1989 Corby barn expanded, RS purchasing appointment opened in Taiwan

1990 Verospeed, with operations in France and Austria acquired: renamed Radiospares in France and RS in Austria, RS Australia launched afterward accretion of above RS distributor

1991 RS start-up opens in Germany

1992 RS start-ups accessible in Italy and Denmark

1994 Radioparts in Denmark acquired and alloyed with RS Denmark, Distributor acquired to anatomy RS New Zealand

1995 Distributors acquired to anatomy RS Singapore and RS Amidata ( Spain)

1996 Distributor acquired to anatomy RS South Africa, RS start-up opens in Chile

1997 RS opens an added ability in Nuneaton, abacus bisected a actor aboveboard anxiety of barn space, Bounded administration centre opens in Singapore to serve Asia, Distributor acquired to anatomy RS Hong Kong, 6 bounded offices opened in China

1998 Award-winning internet trading approach launched in the UK, New barn in Beauvais doubles accommodation in France, Distributors acquired to anatomy RS Benelux, RS Malaysia and RS Sweden

1999 Allied Electronics (formerly Allied Radio) acquired. In the year, Allied’s sales are $178m and it has 69 sales offices, RS opens in Japan, the aboriginal business of its blazon in Japan

2001 Distributor acquired to anatomy RS Norway

2004 Same day despatch action launched in China

'DePicture' Touch-screen Tablet baseboard

2010-07-18T10:22:00.000-07:00

'DePicture' Touch-screen Tablet baseboard BBD20EUROU is simple tablet-format baseboard for our D20 bore range. It has options for a 5.7" 640x480 touchscreen, and a Jenic Zigbee module. Standard appearance accommodate 10/100Mbps ethernet, an accelerometer, RS232 serial, and both host and accessory USB ports.

This abject lath provides the borderline I/O for a Simtec 200 pin SO-DIMM blazon Integrated bore such as the IM2440D20. This abject lath supports a specific ambit of peripherals to accredit the development of anchored book based designs such as smart-screens or PDAs.

Modular architecture ensures back the lath is acclimated as an integrator solution, costs can be adored artlessly by abbreviating the accidental functionality.

Simtec's charge to complete solutions agency development time for a advanced ambit of anchored solutions can be minimised. The alternative abutment DVD comes with a complete cantankerous accumulation body ambiance congenital aloft Poky Linux. This comes by absence configured to aftermath a simple PDA demonstration. This ambiance allows developers to rapidly advance in the assembly of the barter ambition appliance after spending boundless bureaucracy and agreement time.

Simtec can of advance accommodate all-encompassing abutment for every allotment of your activity our ambit of casework beset every aspect of the action from development of antecedent abstraction through to final product.

Samsung 2440 Module system

2010-07-18T10:19:00.000-07:00

Samsung 2440 Module system

The IM2440D20 contains aggregate all-important to apparatus a complete system. It removes the charge for a artist to accede any aerial acceleration anamnesis arrangement elements, assorted voltage food or accord with circuitous Ball Grid Arrays (BGA). The aerial akin of affiliation agency the archetypal architecture charge alone apparatus botheration specific I/O, Simtec alike accommodate appliance addendum for networking and IDE. This leads to a huge access in adaptability and awfully bargain time to market.

This bore represents a adjustable way to use the samsung S3C2440 in an accessible to use way. The bore can be advised a aboveboard basic is best I/O designs. The best atomic baseboard which alone provided ability and sockets for the chip peripherals would still accord a absolute system.

Simtec's charge to complete solutions agency development time for a advanced ambit of anchored solutions can be minimized. The provided software ambiance allows developers to rapidly advance in the assembly of the barter ambition appliance after spending boundless bureaucracy and agreement time.

For applications with a claim for a added complete operating arrangement Simtec additionally accommodate a GNU Debian Linux Operating arrangement installer acceptance the abounding ambit of Debian bales to be used.

Each bore ships with our ABLE bootloader authoritative it simple to configure, load, and cossack an OS or appliance from network, CF, adamantine disk, CD, NAND, Smart Media or NOR Flash back fitted.

Simtec can of advance accommodate all-encompassing abutment for every allotment of you activity our ambit of casework beset every aspect of the action from development of antecedent abstraction through to final realization.

Integrated Module System

2010-07-18T10:12:00.000-07:00

Simtec has a longstanding charge to modular systems. A able-bodied advised modular arrangement allows our barter to realise solutions added rapidly than a caked approach. The adeptness to alter processor and assets after altering the I/O systems allows a architecture to be scalable and for that scalability to be accepted in an bargain manner.

A modular access agency the complex, aerial acceleration elements of a architecture are bedfast to a bore which becomes a basic in a beyond design. By amid the I/O systems from the amount argumentation the adeptness to change the I/O mix of a system, or absolutely the processing core, to bigger clothing a accurate appliance becomes abundantly simplified.

This adaptability can be approved with an example:

A chump has an antecedent claim for a low ability attenuate applicant terminal.

A acceptable approach

The chump identifies that one of our caked development boards such as the EB2410ITX ability accommodated their needs. The chump would again advance their appliance with the extensive, but fixed, capabilities of that one development board. The chump again has two options for production, either a platinum body of the development lath which alone includes the elements they crave for the artefact or a absolutely bespoke architecture tailored to their specific needs.

The modular approach

The chump selects an chip bore which best meets their processing and accumulator requirements and again a baseboard which apparel their I/O requirements. The chump would again advance their appliance in a agnate way to the acceptable access except they chump can change the bore if their projected requirements were incorrect or the baseboard if altered I/O is required. Once the appliance is accepted the chump now has abounding added options, they may artlessly accept to acquirement assembly quantities of their (possibly customised) bore and baseboard another , they can accept a custom baseboard accurately tailored to their requirements (a abundant beneath big-ticket advantage than a abounding bespoke design) or absolutely a custom Chip bore if they ambition to use an another SOC. Of advance the chump additionally has the advantage of a absolutely bespoke architecture if the quantities warrant.

rele temporizador timer relay operator

2010-07-18T10:09:00.000-07:00

What is a timer relay operator?

A timer relay is a component that is designed to entrain events in an industrial automation system, closing or opening contacts before, during or after the set time period. These devices are compact and consist of:

• An oscillator which provides pulses.

• A programmable timer integrated circuit.

• A static or relay output.

You can adjust the meter with a potentiometer graduated in units of time, located on the front of the unit. In this way, the team drives following the closing (or opening) of a control contact and reach the number of pulses, ie after that timing, generates a control signal for the exit.

Figure 1. Outline of use of a timer relay

electronic relay output.

Static Output Devices

There are two versions available (Work and Rest), with different ranges of timing. These relays are connected directly in series with the load voltage whose start is delayed or withdrawn.

Relay Output Devices

There are the following versions:

• Work of Work and Rest or Sleep.

• To contact step.

• Intermittent (symmetrical or asymmetrical), starting phase of work or rest.

• For star-delta starters.

• Multi-function, which brings the benefits of the previous relays.

These relays allow you to select various time ranges using a switch.

Some models have the following remote controls and settings:

• Starting the timer for outside contact.

• temporary suspension of contacts with external timing.

• Adjusting the timing external potentiometer.

The selection of these teams is very simple, as it depends on factors such as standard supply voltage, timing range, number of contacts switched and type of function to perform.

Figure 2. Common functions timers with relay output

(MYCE 2007/2008).

Applications

The timing relays allow simple automatic cycles wired or may be used as a complement to industrial PLCs. These teams can be found in the following applications:

• Industry and construction: Boards simple machine control, process control.

• Automatic Door.

• Alarms and access control.

• Turning lights.

• vehicle barriers.

• engine parts.

• In general, applications that require waiting times and frequent adjustments simple.

Glasvezel Almere

2010-07-18T10:01:00.000-07:00

Fiber web in Almere Glasvezel Almere

On municipal buildings, industrial estates and the hospital is fiber internet already available but now Almere almost entirely with glass fiber web. Super fast internet access, HDTV and other advanced services are therefore available to almost all residents of Almere. If you are a resident of Almere So you can take advantage of this innovative fiber optic internet.

Almere fiber subscriptions

If you fast internet, more TV channels and beneficial to the internet can a fee to an ISP from Almere. You can use your old ADSL broadband subscription is replaced by an internet package of fiber web. We only offer KPN and Online. en Almere fiberglass.

Almerenet, a fiber optic network in Almere

Because Almere an innovative city is Almere getting ready for the future through the deployment of optical fiber in Almere. Call, Television and Internet developments rapidly and the development of these techniques not to hinder, a fiber optic Internet network built.

Speed fiber Almere

The speed of fiber web in Almere is around 100 mb per second, very soon.

Contoh Parallel Port-Based Instrument controller

2010-05-24T01:17:00.001-07:00

Contoh Program

VB.Net

01Private Sub btnTV_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs)Handles btnTV.Click
02 
03Dim par as new Mr_widodo.komunikasiparalel
04 
05Par.kirimparalel(&H378, 1) 'hidupkan TV
06 
07End Sub
08 
09Private Sub Button2_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e AsSystem.EventArgs) Handles Button2.Click
10 
11Par.kirimparalel(&H378, 2) 'hidupkan PC
12 
13End Sub

C++

view sourceprint?01//Program kontrol alat melalui port paralel02 03//Jika menggunakan windows 2000 keatas04 05//Gunakan program Userport untuk memberikan izin akses port06 07//nilai desimal dari 0-25508 09//1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 ialah nilai desimal dari salah satu pin10 11#include12 13#define PORT 0x378 //alamat port paralel14 15void main()16 17{18 19char key=0;20 21clrscr();22 23cout<<"\n\t\tPROGRAM PENGONTROL ALAT MELALUI PORT PARALEL"<<<"\t\tDibuat oleh e-Technology Center 2006"<<<"\t\tTekan 1-8 untuk mengaktifkan alat"<<<"\t\tTekan x untuk keluar dari aplikasi"<<<"\t\t==================================================\n\n"<<<"\nLampu 1 hidup"<<<"\nLampu 2 hidup"<<<"\nLampu 7 hidup"<<<"h="SpellE">endl;24 25break;26 27}28 29}30 31}

How Catu Daya Linear works

2010-05-24T01:13:00.001-07:00

Electronic devices should be powered by direct current supply DC (direct current) are stable to well. Battery or batteries are a source of DC power supply is best. But for applications that require larger power supply, the source of the batteries is not enough. A major source of power supply is the source of alternating AC (alternating current) from power plants. For that we need a power supply device that can convert AC into DC current. In this article presented the principles of the power supply circuit (power supply) linear ranging from the simplest rectifier circuit to the power supply was regulation.

Rectifier (rectifier)

Principle rectifier (rectifier) The simplest is shown in Figure-1 below. Transformer is needed to lower the AC voltage from the grid at the primary coil becomes smaller AC voltage on the secondary coil.

image 1: a simple rectifier circuit

In this circuit, diodes just continue to contribute to a positive voltage to the load RL. Which is called a half-wave rectifier (half wave). To obtain full-wave rectifier (full wave) is required transformer with center tap (CT) as in the picture-2.

image 2: full-wave rectifier circuit

Positive voltage phase of the first forwarded by D1, while the next phase which is passed through D2 to the load R1 with the transformer CT as a common ground .. Thus R1 burden gets a full wave voltage supply such as the picture above. For some applications such as for supply to small dc motors or dc incandescent lamp, the shape of this voltage is sufficient. Although the voltage ripple seen here from both series are still very large.

Image 3: half-wave rectifier circuit filter C Dengah

Figure 3 is a series of half-wave rectifier with filter capacitor C is parallel to the load R. Apparently with this filter discharge voltage waveform can be blended. Figure-4 shows the DC voltage output from circuit half-wave rectifier with capacitor filter. Bc line is approximately straight line with a certain slope, which in this state for the load current supplied by voltage capacitor R1. Bc line is not actually a straight line but exponential in accordance with the nature of the discharge capacitor.

image 4: filter capacitor waveform with

Bc curve slope depends on the large current I flowing to the load R. If the current I = 0 (no load) then the curve will form a horizontal line bc. But if the load the greater the flow, the slope of the curve will become sharper bc. The voltage that comes out will be shaped with a sawtooth ripple voltage of the magnitude is:

Vr = VM-VL ... ....... (1)

and dc voltage to the load is VDC = VM Vr / 2 ..... (2)

Good rectifier circuit is a circuit which has the smallest ripple voltage. VL is a voltage discharge or discharge the capacitor C, so it can be written:

VL = VM e -T/RC .......... (3)

If equation (3) disubsitusi to formula (1), it is obtained:

Vr = VM (1 - e -T/RC) ...... (4)

If T <

so if this disubsitusi to the formula (4) can be obtained by a simpler equation:

Vr = VM (T / RC) .... (6)

VM / R load is none other than I, so that with this visible relationship between the load current I and the value of capacitor C to the ripple voltage Vr. This calculation is effective to obtain the desired ripple tengangan value.

Vr = I T / C ... (7)

This formula is to say, if I load current was higher, the greater the voltage ripple. Conversely, if the capacitance C was higher, the voltage ripple will be smaller. For simplification is usually considered T = Tp, ie a period of one sine wave of the grid frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz. If the grid frequency of 50Hz, then T = Tp = 1 / f = 1 / 50 = 0.02 sec. This applies to half-wave rectifier. For full-wave rectifier, of course, the tuner frequency doubled, so that T = 1 / 2 Tp = 0.01 sec.

Full-wave rectifier with C filter can be created by adding a capacitor in the circuit of figure 2. Can also use a transformer without CT, but by assembling four diodes as shown below-5.

Image 5: full-wave rectifier circuit with filters C

For example, you designed the full-wave rectifier circuit of the power supply 220V/50Hz grid to supply the load of 0.5 A. What is the required capacitor value so that this circuit has a voltage ripple of no more than 0.75 Vpp. If formula (7) be inverted so obtained.

C = I.T / Vr = (0.5) (0.01) / 0.75 = 6600 UF.

For this size capacitor elco widely available type which has a maximum working voltage polarity and specific. Working voltage capacitors used must be greater than the power supply output voltage. Barangkalai now you understand why you create a series of audio hum, try to check the power supply rectifier circuit that you created, if the voltage ripple is quite disturbing. If not available in the market of such a large capacitor, can certainly memparalel two or three capacitors.

Regulator

The rectifier is good enough if its a small ripple voltage, but there are stability issues. If the voltage of electricity rise / fall, then the output voltage will also rise / fall. Like the rectifier circuit above, if the current higher voltage dc discharge was also decreased. For some applications this voltage changes quite annoying, so it requires an active component that can regulate the output voltage becomes stable.

The most simple regulator circuit shown in Figure 6. In these circuits, zener works on regional breakdown, resulting in an output voltage equal to or Fout Zener voltage = VZ. However, this circuit is only useful if the load current not exceeding 50mA.

6 pictures: Regulators Zener

The principle of such a power supply circuit is called a shunt regulator, one of his trademark is a regulatory component in parallel with the load. Another feature of the shunt regulator is susceptible to short-circuit. Notice when Fout connected short (short-circuit) then the current is fixed I = Vin/R1. In addition to a shunt regulator, there is also a series called by the regulator. The main principle of such series regulator circuit in Figure 7 below. In this circuit output voltage is:

Fout = VZ VBE ........... (8)

VBE is the base-emitter voltage of transistor Q1 of the magnitude of 0.2 - 0.7 volts depending on the type of transistor used. By ignoring the IB currents flowing at the base of the transistor, to determine the magnitude of R2 resistance that is needed is:

R2 = (Vin - VZ) / Iz .........( 9)

Iz is the minimum flow required by the zener diode to achieve the zener breakdown voltage. These large currents can be detected from a datasheet which amount to approximately 20 mA.

Image 7: regulator zener follower

If the supply current required is greater, of course the base of IB in the current calculation circuit above can not be ignored anymore. Where such a known, large currents will be proportional to IC flows dirumskan with IB or IC = BIB. For such purpose, the transistor Q1 is used can be replaced with Darlington tansistor which typically have large b values. With a Darlington transistor, the current small base that could produce a greater flow of IC.

Techniques that better regulation is to use the Op-Amp to drive the transistor Q, as in a series of eight images. Zener diodes are not here to give feedback directly to the transistor Q, but as a reference voltage for the op-amp IC1. Negative feedback on the op-amp pins are excerpts from the voltage regulator out, namely:

Vin (-) = (R2 / (R1 R2)) ....... Fout (10)

If the stress out Fout ascending, then the voltage Vin (-) will also be rising until the voltage is equal to the reference voltage VZ. And vice versa if the voltage decreases Fout out, for example because of supply current to the load increases, op-amp will keep the stability of the reference point by giving the current VZ IB to the transistor Q1. So that at any time maintaining the stability of op-amp:

Vin (-) = VZ ......... (11)

Figure 8: regulator with op-amp

By ignoring the VBE voltage of transistor Q1 and mensubsitusi formula (11) into formula (10) then obtained a mathematical relationship:

Fout = ((R1 R2) / R2) VZ ........... (12)

In this circuit the output voltage can be regulated by regulating a large R1 and R2.

Now it should no longer need to painstakingly search for the op-amps, transistors and other components to realize a series regulator as above. Because this kind of circuit has been packaged into a single fixed voltage regulator IC. Are now widely known as the 78XX series component of the voltage regulator remains positive and 79XX series which is a voltage regulator to remain negative. In fact, these components are usually already equipped with current limiting (current limiter) and also limiting the temperature (thermal shutdown). This component is only three pins and by adding some components alone can be a power supply circuit was good regulation.

Image 9: regulator with IC 78XX / 79XX

For example 7805 is a voltage regulator to get a 5 volt, 12 volt voltage regulator 7812 and beyond. While such 79XX series is the 7905 and 7912 which are respectively the negative voltage regulator 5 and 12 volts.

Apart from the fixed voltage regulators have a voltage regulator IC also can be arranged. The principle is the same as OP-amp regulator packaged in a single IC for regulators such as LM317 LM337 variable positive and negative variables for the regulator. The difference between resistors R1 and R2 are outside the IC, so that the output voltage can be adjusted via external resistors.

It's just important to know that with the IC regulator circuit can work, tengangan input must be greater than the output voltage regulatornya. Usually the difference in voltage Vin to Fout recommended in the datasheet component. Use heatshink (Aluminum cooling) is recommended if these components to be used to supply a large current. In the datasheet, these components can pass through the flow reaches a maximum of 1 A.

- End -

sukses montir TV/DVD/RADIO-TAPE/TV/Monitor/VCD/DVD

2010-05-24T00:57:00.000-07:00

Needed to become a mechanic is not too expensive, namely:

Equipment

Good quality solder, preferably in the form of shots and saucer

Vacuum tin good quality, usually long

Tin solder good quality fishing brands such

Multitester analog / digital

Some books are basic and digital electronics / repair

The main components such as resistors 1/4W to 10W, a high voltage capacitor, transistor amplifier for a standard monitor / TV, IC-IC amplifier, a standard transistor. If there are more funds, your collection of components of a total of approximately 1 jutat also ok, make the stock.

Patience and hobby. Instead you pay a mechanic take it to the handyman 75-300rb, mending your own try to fix first, Bener not?

Principles of Electronic Equipment Repair

Find out damage to the fuse / power supply, transistors, resistors, capacitors ic or by way of measuring it.

Replace the defective components.

Mentuning / or optimize the test results (eg turn trimpot, focus on the flyback etc.)

Measure Components

To measure the resistor value:

Attach two pieces to the second leg multitester pin resistor, whether or not soldered on the PCB which has been soldered on the PCB.

Look at the value indicated on multitester

If multitetester showed tremendous value once, most likely the resistor end. Resistors generally end on a high power resistor 2-15W. To ensure the accuracy of the value of resistors, resistor mounted on the PCB can you come off first.

If there are measurement deviations> 20%, it's like resistors are replaced with new ones.

Measuring Capacitors

To measure the capacitor, you simply do the following:

Connect the two pin + multitester to the anode capacitor, and pins - to the cathode capacitor

Change quickly multitester pin layout, if multitester show certain values and change gradually (down), means the capacitors are in good condition.

Measuring Diode

To measure the diode you simply connect the two pin diodes multitester by foot if shuffled back showing different values then the diode is in good condition, if the diode indicates the value is very large or very small likely break or short the diode should be replaced immediately.

Determination of the diode polarity: (a) Low resistance indicates a forward bias, the black lead and red lead is cathode anode (for most meters) (b) shows high resistance leads Reversing indicating reverse bias.

Pengontrol Alat Berbasis Port Paralel

2010-05-24T00:53:00.000-07:00

This kit is the application of parallel port as a controller device using relayboard. The following block diagram:Pin DB25 Centro SPP Signal Arah In/out Register Hardware di invert

1 1 nStrobe In/Out Control Ya2 2 Data 0 Out Data
3 3 Data 1 Out Data
4 4 Data 2 Out Data
5 5 Data 3 Out Data
6 6 Data 4 Out Data
7 7 Data 5 Out Data
8 8 Data 6 Out Data
9 9 Data 7 Out Data
10 10 nAck In Status
11 11 Busy In Status Ya
12 12 Paper-Out / Paper-End In Status
13 13 Select In Status
14 14 nAuto-Linefeed In/Out Control Ya
15 32 nError / nFault In Status
16 31 nInitialize In/Out Control
17 36 nSelect-Printer / nSelect-In In/Out Control Ya
18 – 25 19-30 Ground Gnd
If you want to control in Visual Basic. Net 2005, you can use as a provider inpout32.dll file functions to access I / O. Make sure if your Operating System using Windows 95 or older, use the program to grant permission Userport PC hardware access. Under this program can control the parallel port, or port ISA port addresses are set according to (378H or 300H), use the command:

Variabel_penampung = INP (& H "address") / / receive input

out (& H "address", sumber_data) / / removing data

Generally have a parallel port address 378H, while Port ISA begins from address 300H. If we want to control the parallel port using windows 1998 down, then there should be no additional programs, but if the Windows 2000 and above, use userport program that will give permission to access the port directly. You do this by copying the files userport.sys to the folder c: \ windows \ system32 \ drivers.

After that activate the program userport as follows:

Table Name the pins of parallel port DB 25 connector and the Centronics

High-Speed Data Acquisition and Generation

2010-05-23T20:13:00.000-07:00

Click on the black blocks to appearance or sample recommended solutions

Design Considerations

High Acceleration Abstracts Accretion System

A aerial acceleration abstracts accretion arrangement accouterments accelerated chip circuits to activate and access aerial abstracts amount breeze ascendancy and storing.

Core Subsystems include:

Analog Ascribe Front End - congenital about a accelerated ADC including accelerated Op-Amps, FIFOs, and SRAMs. The beck of abstracts achievement from the ADC is accounting into FIFOs, stored in blocks of SRAM, and beatific anon to the alfresco apple through registers beneath the ascendancy of the abstracts accretion argumentation in the FPGA.

FPGA - contains abstracts accretion controls and logics including the activate logic, absurdity detection, DSP interface, anamnesis abode decoder, counters, and achievement control. The ascendancy argumentation selects a abstracts accretion clock, processes altered triggers, and transfers the acquired abstracts to the centralized anamnesis of the abstracts accretion channels.

Analog Achievement - congenital about a accelerated DAC, including Op-Amp and achievement abstracts buffer.

High-Speed Bus Interface - transfers abstracts through accelerated alongside bus on the aback even (PCI,VMEbus) or accelerated Ethernet.

Clock Source - provides alarm for altered abstracts accretion options and modes.

Power Managements - converts the ascribe ability from the backplane to run assorted anatomic blocks.

The NI WLS-9234 is a four-channel IEEE 802.11

2010-05-23T20:02:00.001-07:00

Traditional NI-DAQ (Legacy) Support

Traditional NI-DAQ (Legacy) is included for FREE with every device that the Traditional NI-DAQ (Legacy) application programming interface (API...download the latest version of Traditional NI-DAQ (Legacy) for FREE, and now you can order copies...

LabVIEW for Wireless Sensor Networks Support

The NI LabVIEW Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Module Pioneer extends the LabVIEW graphical programming environment to create and deploy embedded applications to programmable NI WSN measurement nodes. Use LabVIEW WSN Pioneer to extend battery life by optimizing node behavior, perform custom analysis,

NI USB-TC01 Support

The NI USB-TC01 thermocouple measurement device features NI InstantDAQ technology so you can instantly take temperature measurements with your PC. Just plug it in and built-in software for viewing and logging data automatically loads. No driver installation is necessary. Connect to any USB port to

NI PXIe-6356 Support

NI X Series multifunction data acquisition (DAQ) devices provide a new level of performance with the high-throughput PCI Express bus, NI-STC3 timing and synchronization technology...

NI WLS-9234 Support

The NI WLS-9234 is a four-channel IEEE 802.11 wireless or Ethernet C Series dynamic signal acquisition module for making high-accuracy audio frequency measurements from integrated electronic piezoelectric (IEPE) and non-IEPE sensors. The WLS-9234 delivers 102 dB of dynamic range and incorporates

NI PCIe-6361 Support

NI X Series multifunction data acquisition (DAQ) devices provide a new level of performance with the high-throughput PCI Express bus, NI-STC3 timing and synchronization technology...

NI PXIe-6366 Support

NI X Series multifunction data acquisition (DAQ) devices provide a new level of performance with the high-throughput PCI Express bus, NI-STC3 timing and synchronization technology...

NI PXIe-6368 Support

NI X Series multifunction data acquisition (DAQ) devices provide a new level of performance with the high-throughput PCI Express bus, NI-STC3 timing and synchronization technology...

NI PCIe-6353 Support

NI X Series multifunction data acquisition (DAQ) devices provide a new level of performance with the high-throughput PCI Express bus, NI-STC3 timing and synchronization technology...

NI PXIe-6341 Support

NI X Series multifunction data acquisition (DAQ) devices provide a new level of performance with the high-throughput PCI Express bus, NI-STC3 timing and synchronization technology...

Optical tomography system using microprocessor and ethernet controller-based data acquisition system

2010-05-23T19:56:00.000-07:00

Article Information:

Title: Optical tomography system using microprocessor and ethernet controller-based data acquisition system

Author(s): Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Goh Chiew Loon, Mohd. Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman, Chan Kok San, Pang Jon Fea, Leong Lai Chan

Journal: Sensor Review

Year: 2010 Volume: 30 Issue: 2 Page: 124 - 129

ISSN: 0260-2288

DOI: 10.1108/02602281011022715

Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited

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Abstract: Purpose – Owing to the high cost of data acquisition (DAQ) card in the market, the purpose of this paper is to develop a high speed, low-cost microprocessor and ethernet controller-based DAQ in optical tomography system.

Design/methodology/approach – Microprocessor is the main core to control the sensor circuitry while ethernet controller has the responsibility of transmitting data to PC and thus insuring the reliability of data.

Findings – The data transfer rate will be up to megabytes per seconds. In this optical tomography system, projection geometry combining two orthogonal and two rectilinear in one layer is modeled.

Originality/value – This paper presents a new application in optical tomography.

Keywords: Controllers, Data collection, Image processing, Infra-red devices, Microcontrollers

Article Type: Research paper

Article URL: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/02602281011022715

Pioneering Web SCADA

2010-05-23T19:51:00.000-07:00

IntegraXor is an award-winning HMI/SCADA software with clear animation, absolute time accessory connectivity, anxiety functions, database logging, trending and advertisement as basal functions. It is a complete apparatus for architecture adult and able real-time automation systems.

It is advised from arena up application web technologies and offers fast, simple and aboveboard development application HTML and Javascript which are broadly accepted IT skills. It uses a web-browser as the front-end and SVG web cartoon for decision and animation.

Since the aboriginal accession in 2003, IntegraXor has appear a continued way in alms a HMI/SCADA software that is solid reliable, dependable and scalable.

IntegraXor accept been auspiciously implemented in assorted locations about the world. Many of IntegraXor applications are analytical acute 24x7 operation.

Among the companies that we accept provided solutions and casework to are

Petronas - Oil & Gas

BiL - Oil & Gas

FMC Technologies - Oil & Gas

Perodua - Automotive

Allegiance - Healthcare

Bredero Shaw - Oil & Gas

Yokogawa - Oil & Gas

Standard Animation

The appellation "Animation" in SCADA/HMI refers to change of blush or size, movement that reflect the real-time accompaniment of a tag which is commonly associated to a device's status. Basal action consists of Color, Level/Bar, Text, Rotation, Position, etc. Below is an activated clear that simulates some actual basal apparatus of SCADA animation.

SCADA Schema

2010-05-23T19:43:00.000-07:00

SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition. It generally refers to an industrial control system: a computer system monitoring and controlling a process. The process can be industrial, infrastructure or facility-based as described below:

Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes.
Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, Wind Farms, civil defense siren systems, and large communication systems.
Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor and control HVAC, access, and energy consumption.Common system components

A SCADA System usually consists of the following subsystems:
A Human-Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator, and through this, the human operator monitors and controls the process.
A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending commands (control) to the process.
Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) connecting to sensors in the process, converting sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data to the supervisory system.
Programmable Logic Controller (PLCs) used as field devices because they are more economical, versatile, flexible, and configurable than special-purpose RTUs.
Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the Remote Terminal Units.
[edit]Supervision vs. control

There is, in several industries, considerable confusion over the differences between SCADA systems and distributed control systems (DCS). Generally speaking, a SCADA system usually refers to a system that coordinates, but does not control processes in real time. The discussion on real-time control is muddied somewhat by newer telecommunications technology, enabling reliable, low latency, high speed communications over wide areas. Most differences between SCADA and DCS are culturally determined and can usually be ignored. As communication infrastructures with higher capacity become available, the difference between SCADA and DCS will fade.
[edit]Systems concepts

The term SCADA usually refers to centralized systems which monitor and control entire sites, or complexes of systems spread out over large areas (anything between an industrial plant and a country). Most control actions are performed automatically by Remote Terminal Units ("RTUs") or by programmable logic controllers ("PLCs"). Host control functions are usually restricted to basic overriding or supervisory level intervention. For example, a PLC may control the flow of cooling water through part of an industrial process, but the SCADA system may allow operators to change the set points for the flow,and enable alarm conditions, such as loss of flow and high temperature, to be displayed and recorded. The feedback control loop passes through the RTU or PLC, while the SCADA system monitors the overall performance of the loop.

Time Delay Relay Schematic

2010-05-21T10:21:00.001-07:00

A time delay relay is a relay that stays on for a certain amount of time once activated. This time delay relay is made up of a simple adjustable timer circuit which controls the actual relay. The time is adjustable from 0 to about 20 seconds with the parts specified. The current capacity of the circuit is only limited by what kind of relay you decide to use.

Time Delay Relay Schematic

Schematic

Parts

Part
Total Qty.
Description
Substitutions
R1 1 1 Meg Pot
R2 1 10 K 1/4 Watt Resistor
C1 1 10uf 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C2 1 0.01uf Ceramic Disc Capacitor
D1,D2 2 1N914 Diodes
U1 1 555 Timer IC
RELAY 1 9V Relay
S1 1 1A 120V SPST Switch
MISC 1 Board, Wire, Socket For U1

Time Delay Relays & Timing Modules

2010-05-21T10:20:00.000-07:00

Time Delay Relays & Timing Modules Combine an internal timer (fixed or adjustable) with either an electromechanical or solid state output.

Time delay relay contacts rated up to 10 amps

Timing modules typically control an external relay that performs load switching.

Plug-in and panel mount types

Some are single-function timers; others offer multiple field-programmable functions

Rangkaian Delay Dan Relay

2010-05-21T10:17:00.000-07:00

Some relays are complete with a affectionate of "shock absorber" apparatus absorbed to the armature which prevents immediate, abounding motion back the braid is either activated or de-energized. This accession gives the broadcast the acreage of time-delay actuation. Time-delay relays can be complete to adjournment armature motion on braid energization, de-energization, or both.

Time-delay broadcast contacts charge be defined not alone as either normally-open or normally-closed, but whether the adjournment operates in the administration of closing or in the administration of opening. The afterward is a description of the four basal types of time-delay broadcast contacts.First we accept the normally-open,

Rangkaian Delay Dan Relay

timed-closed (NOTC) contact. This blazon of acquaintance is commonly accessible back the braid is unpowered (de-energized). The acquaintance is bankrupt by the appliance of ability to the broadcast coil, but alone afterwards the braid has been continuously powered for the defined bulk of time. In added words, the administration of the contact's motion (either to abutting or to open) is identical to a approved NO contact, but there is a adjournment in closing direction. Because the adjournment occurs in the administration of braid energization, this blazon of acquaintance is alternatively accepted as a normally-open, on-delay:

Stereo Gigabass circuit IC TL074, TL084, LM324

2010-05-20T09:43:00.000-07:00

How to make stereo gigabass circuit using ic TL074 here the description

Power Amp 10.000w circuit diagram using TR BC546, MJE350, MJE340,

BD681, A968, A1494, C2344, C3858, +70 vOLT, 70V

Output Power ……………. 10.000w Watt RMS into 4 ohms

8000 Watt RMS into 8 ohms

Frequency Response ………. 7 Hz to 56KHz at+0dB -3dB

Input Sensitivity ……….. 1,2 Volt RMS (for 300 Watts into 4 ohms)

Harmonic Distortion ……… 0,06% from 20Hz to 20KHZ Typically 0,004%

Signal to noise ratio ……. 122 dB unweighted (20Hz to 20KHz) 122 dB A-weighted

Damping Factor ………….. 200 (for 8 ohms loads)

Stability ………………. Unconditional

Power Amp 1000w circuit diagram

using TR BC546, MJE350, MJE340, BD681, A968, A1494, C2344, C3858, +70 vOLT, 70V

Flashing RGB LED Project

2010-05-18T07:14:00.000-07:00

This is a simple LED project, do you apperceive addition who wants to apprentice a bit about electronic? Maybe you aloof appetite to try out some of these air-conditioned Flashing RGB LEDs! With a absolute activity amount of amid $2.00

and $3.00 the time is appropriate to try some of these things out. They can add some fun to the holidays that are aloof about the corner, these RGB LEDs will be on auction for the abutting while so that you can get some to bandbox up the anniversary season.

These LEDs are magic, central the accustomed attractive LED arch there is absolutely 3 LEDs forth with a tiny ambassador that sequences the lights in some air-conditioned patterns. Break acquainted for a blink central one of these LEDs! It aboriginal cycles the alone colors absolutely rapidly, and that is followed by some apathetic blush fades area alone and multi-color apathetic fades are performed. All you charge is a distinct accepted attached resistor and you are in business!

Placement Ideas:

Under the Christmas timberline for a attenuate aftereffect amidst accustomed lights.

Behind your computer monitor, this would force you to break alive and get added assignment done.

Light up your abode aperture bell, no added apparent white.

Change the ability on ablaze in your computer or added equipment.

Use it to ablaze the central of your computer case.

Subtle aloft chiffonier lighting, at night the aftereffect would be cool.

In a Christmas ornament.

Lots of autogenous and exoteric agent applications!

There are two projects listed below, one uses coil connectors which agency there is no soldering needed. The added uses out LED Mounting Board to adhesive all the apparatus and leads to.

Christmas Decoration Project

2010-05-18T07:10:00.000-07:00

This activity flashes 18 LEDs at three altered ante and you can use these to actualize a Christmas adornment of your choice. The ambit is kept simple (and cheap!) by application the 4060B IC which is a adverse and oscillator (clock) in one package. The ambit requires a 9V supply, such as a PP3 battery. It will not assignment with lower voltages and a college voltage will abort the LEDs.

Christmas Decoration Project

The preset capricious resistor can be acclimated to acclimatize the oscillator abundance and this determines the beam amount of the LEDs. The IC banned the accepted to and from its outputs so the LEDs can be cautiously affiliated after resistors in alternation to absolute the current. The stripboard allotment of the ambit is accessible to body but the base for the LEDs needs affliction so abundant instructions are provided below.

You can architecture your own adornment or download our Christmas Timberline arrangement to book out and cement assimilate blubbery card, hardboard etc. The arrangement has two timberline outlines on one area of A4 paper.

The Christmas Timberline arrangement is supplied as a PDF file. To appearance and book PDF files you charge an Acrobat Reader which may be downloaded chargeless for Windows, Mac, RISC OS, or UNIX/Linux computers. If you are not abiding which blazon of computer you accept it is apparently Windows.

Warning!

Using a array (or ability supply) with a voltage college than 9V will abort the LEDs.

You can see from the ambit diagram (below) that 6 LEDs are affiliated in alternation amid the +9V accumulation and 0V. Each LED requires about 2V beyond it to light, so application a voltage of about 12V (= 6 × 2V) or added will accomplish the LEDs conduct directly, behindhand of the 4060B IC. With no alternation resistor to absolute the accepted this will abort the LEDs.

Light-sensitive Alarm Project

2010-05-18T07:06:00.000-07:00

The ambit detects a abrupt adumbration falling on the light-sensor and sounds the bleeper back this happens. The ambit will not acknowledge to bit-by-bit changes in accuracy to abstain apocryphal alarms. The bleeper sounds for alone a abbreviate time to anticipate the array active flat. Normal lighting can be used, but the ambit will assignment

best if a axle of ablaze is abiding to abatement on the light-sensor. Breaking this axle will again account the bleeper to sound. The ablaze sensor is an LDR (light-dependant resistor), this has a low attrition in ablaze ablaze and a aerial attrition in dim light.

Light-sensitive Alarm Project

The light-sensitivity of the ambit can be adapted by capricious the 100k preset.

The breadth of beep can be assorted from 0.5 to 10 abnormal application the 1M preset.

Using the 7555 low-power timer ensures that the ambit draws actual little accepted (about 0.5mA) except for the abbreviate times back the bleeper is aural (this uses about 7mA). If the ambit is switched on continuously an acrid PP3 9V array should aftermost about a month, but for best activity (about 6 months) you can use a backpack of 6 AA acrid batteries.

This activity uses an edge-triggered 555 monostable circuit.

Parts Required

resistors: 10k, 47k, 1M ×3

presets: 100k, 1M

capacitors: 0.01µF, 0.1µF, 10µF 25V radial

transistor: BC108 (or equivalent)

7555 low-power timer IC

8-pin DIL atrium for IC

LDR (light-dependant resistor) blazon ORP12

bleeper 9-12V

on/off switch

battery blow for 9V PP3

stripboard 12 rows × 25 holes

Adjustable 1-10 Minute Timer Project

2010-05-18T07:01:00.000-07:00

A kit for this activity is accessible from RSH Electronics.

Download PDF adaptation of this folio

The ambit starts timing back switched on. The blooming LED lights to appearance that timing is in progress. Back the time aeon is over the blooming LED turns off, the red LED turns on and the bleeper sounds.

Adjustable 1-10 Minute Timer Project

The time aeon is set by adjusting the capricious resistor. It can be adapted from 1 to 10 account (approximately) with the genitalia apparent in the diagram. You can mark the times on a calibration fatigued on the box.

Please agenda that the ambit of time periods is alone approximate. With absolute apparatus the best time aeon should be 4½ minutes, but this is about continued to about 10 account because the 220µF timing capacitor boring leaks charge. This is a botheration with all electrolytic capacitors, but some aperture added than others. In accession the absolute amount of electrolytic capacitors can alter by as abundant as ±30% of their rated value.

This activity uses a power-on triggered 555 monostable circuit.

Parts Required

resistors: 470, 33k, 100k

variable resistor: 1M

capacitors: 0.1µF, 220µF 16V radial

LEDs: red, green

bleeper 9-12V

555 timer IC

8-pin DIL atrium for IC

on/off switch

battery blow for 9V PP3

stripboard 10 rows × 22 holes

Simple Electronic Lock Project

2010-05-18T06:59:00.000-07:00

There are six (or more) advance switches. To 'unlock' you charge columnist all the actual ones at the aforementioned time, but not columnist any of the abolish switches. Pressing aloof one abolish about-face will anticipate the ambit unlocking. Back the ambit unlocks it absolutely aloof turns on an LED for about one second, but it is advised to be acclimatized to about-face on a broadcast which could be acclimated to about-face on addition circuit.

Please Note: This ambit aloof turns on an LED for about one additional back the actual switches are pressed. It does not absolutely lock or alleviate anything!

This activity uses a 555 monostable circuit.

Simple Electronic Lock Project

Parts Required

resistors: 470, 100k ×2, 1M

capacitors: 0.1µF, 1µF 16V radial

red LED

555 timer IC

8-pin DIL atrium for IC

on/off switch

push-switch ×6 (or more)

battery blow for 9V PP3

stripboard 12 rows × 25 holes

Flashing LED Project

2010-05-18T06:01:00.000-07:00

LED stands for Light Emitting Diode

A kit for this activity is accessible from RSH Electronics.

Download PDF adaptation of this folio

Flashing LED Project

This activity is advised as an addition to soldering, anecdotic accepted components, application the resistor colour cipher and agreement apparatus accurately on stripboard. The LED flashes at about 3Hz (3 flashes per second). This activity uses a 555 astable circuit.

Parts Required

resistors: 470, 1k, 220k

capacitor: 1µF 16V radial

red LED (or orange, chicken or blooming if you prefer!)

555 timer IC

8-pin IC holder (a 'DIL socket') for the 555 IC

battery blow for 9V PP3

stripboard: 6 rows × 21 holes

Instructions

Solder the 8-pin IC holder in the actual abode on the stripboard.

Break the 4 advance beneath the IC holder with a clue cutter tool. You can acquiesce added holes if your allotment of stripboard is ample enough.

Simple Component and Continuity Tester

2010-05-18T05:44:00.000-07:00

This simple activity may be acclimated for testing components, as able-bodied as blockage ambit lath tracks, affairs and access for chain (conduction). It tries to canyon a baby accepted through the account actuality activated and the LED will ablaze brightly, dimly or not at all according to the attrition of the item:

LED ablaze agency the attrition is low, beneath than about 1k

Simple Component and Continuity Tester

LED dim agency the attrition is medium, a few k

LED off agency the attrition is high, added than about 10k

When not in use the 9V PP3 array should be unclipped or the crocodile clips absorbed to a allotment of agenda or artificial to anticipate them touching. You could add an on-off about-face in the red wire from the array blow and this may be the best advantage if you arise the simple tester in a box.

Parts Required

If you anticipate this activity is too simple to be useful, amuse see the table of apparatus which it can be acclimated to analysis and anticipate again!

resistor: 390

red LED 5mm diameter, accepted type

battery blow for 9V PP3

crocodile clips: miniature red and black

stripboard: 5 rows × 7 holes

Stripboard Layout

Testing stripboard, PCB tracks, affairs and connections

Circuit diagram

Connect a crocodile blow on anniversary ancillary of the doubtable fault:

LED ablaze agency there is a connection.

LED off agency there is no connection.

If you are testing a stripboard or PCB which has apparatus anchored in place, beware of accessible access via the apparatus and acquiesce for this back interpreting the results.

Stripboard circuits can ache from two accepted problems: adhesive bridging amid adjoining advance authoritative a affiliation area there should be none, and advance burst with a clue cutter which accept an about airy cilia of chestnut administering beyond the break.

If a PCB has categorical ailing the advance may be actual attenuate in places or there may be traces of chestnut bridging amid adjoining tracks.

Wires and access may be arrested for chain (conduction).